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. 2013 May 17;7:93. doi: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00093

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Copyright © 2013 D'Angelo, Solinas, Mapelli, Gandolfi, Mapelli and Prestori.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited and subject to any copyright notices concerning any third-party graphics etc.

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Golgi cells and the time-window effect. (A) The time-window effect is generated due to activation of the feedforward and feedback inhibitory loops. After excitation, granule cells are inhibited by the feedforward and feedback loops in sequence leaving a permissive time window of just 4–5 ms. Then inhibition prevails, reducing or blocking the granule cell response. The histograms show spike generation in granule cells in the presence or absence of synaptic inhibition (Mapelli and D'Angelo, 2007; D'Angelo and De Zeeuw, 2009). (B) The time-window effect is observed in response to single pulses or short bursts but is suppressed during high-frequency repetitive stimulation of mossy fibers (see text). Stimuli are indicated by arrows [meta-analysis data from Mapelli et al. (2010a)].