TABLE 1.
Demographic and anthropometric characteristics and dietary intake by sex and BMI categories in Costa Rican population-based adults
| Sex | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | |||||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||||||
| <25 | 25–29.9 | ≥30 | <25 | 25–29.9 | ≥30 | |||||||
| N(%) | 626 (41.0%) | 680 (44.0%) | 228 (15.0%) | 161 (31.0%) | 214 (42.0%) | 136 (27.0%) | ||||||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Age (%) | ||||||||||||
| ≤44 years | 40.0 | 44.0 | 16.0 | 37.0 | 29.0 | 34.0 | ||||||
| 45–64 years | 39.0 | 44.0 | 17.0 | 29.0 | 41.0 | 30.0 | ||||||
| ≥65 years | 45.0 | 44.0 | 11.0 | 33.0 | 45.0 | 22.0 | ||||||
| Education (%) | ||||||||||||
| Primary education or less | 42.0 | 44.0 | 14.0 | 30.0 | 41.0 | 29.0 | ||||||
| Secondary education | 41.0 | 42.0 | 17.0 | 32.0 | 44.0 | 24.0 | ||||||
| Post-secondary education | 36.0 | 49.0 | 15.0 | 38.0 | 43.0 | 19.0 | ||||||
| Area of residence (%) | ||||||||||||
| Rural | 42.0 | 44.0 | 14.0 | 33.0 | 44.0 | 23.0 | ||||||
| Peri-urban | 41.0 | 45.0 | 14.0 | 35.0 | 37.0 | 28.0 | ||||||
| Urban | 40.0 | 45.0 | 15.0 | 29.0 | 44.0 | 27.0 | ||||||
| Income, tertiles (%) | ||||||||||||
| Low | 48.0 | 40.0 | 12.0 | 33.0 | 42.0 | 25.0 | ||||||
| Medium | 42.0 | 44.0 | 14.0 | 26.0 | 48.0 | 26.0 | ||||||
| High | 33.0 | 49.0 | 18.0§ | 34.0 | 36.0 | 30.0 | ||||||
| Current smoking (%) | 52.0 | 38.0 | 10.0§ | 50.0 | 28.0 | 22.0§ | ||||||
| Physical activity (METs) | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
| Anthropometric Characteristics | 38.0 | 19.0 | 36.0 | 17.0 | 34.0 | 16.0 | 31.0 | 8.0 | 32.0 | 9.0 | 31.0 | 8.0 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
| 0.95 | 0.06 | 0.99 | 0.05 | 1.01 | 0.05§ | 0.86 | 0.06 | 0.89 | 0.06 | 0.89 | 0.06§ | |
| Subscapular skinfold (cm) | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
| 12.5 | 3.7 | 17.4 | 5.5 | 22.1 | 8.6§ | 14.0 | 6.7 | 18.6 | 8.7 | 21.1 | 9.4§ | |
| Suprailiac skinfold (cm) | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
| 8.3 | 3.8 | 11.3 | 4.7 | 15.0 | 6.7§ | 14.3 | 6.1 | 18.2 | 7.8 | 19.1 | 8.5§ | |
| Triceps skinfold (cm) | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
| 9.3 | 3.1 | 12.4 | 3.6 | 16.6 | 6.4§ | 16.6 | 5.6 | 19.5 | 7.9 | 21.1 | 8.4§ | |
| Sugar sweetened beverage intake Fresco* (1 glass, 8 oz.) (%) | ||||||||||||
| Never | 46.0 | 39.0 | 15.0 | 20.0 | 51.0 | 29.0 | ||||||
| >0 and <1/day | 41.0 | 42.0 | 47.0 | 35.0 | 38.0 | 27.0 | ||||||
| ≥1/day | 39.0 | 48.0 | 13.0 | 32.0 | 43.0 | 25.0 | ||||||
| Fruit drink†(1 serving, 8 oz.) (%) | ||||||||||||
| Never | 44.0 | 43.0 | 13.0 | 34.0 | 41.0 | 25.0 | ||||||
| >0 and <1/day | 37.0 | 48.0 | 15.0 | 30.0 | 43.0 | 27.0 | ||||||
| ≥1/day | 36.0 | 43.0 | 21.0§ | 23.0 | 43.0 | 34.0 | ||||||
| Soda (1 can, 12 oz.) (%) | ||||||||||||
| Never | 42.0 | 44.0 | 14.0 | 31.0 | 44.0 | 25.0 | ||||||
| >0 and <1/day | 40.0 | 45.0 | 15.0 | 35.0 | 35.0 | 30.0 | ||||||
| ≥1/day | 30.0 | 46.0 | 24.0 | 0.0 | 50.0 | 50.0§ | ||||||
| Fruit juice‡ (1 glass, 8 oz.) (%) | ||||||||||||
| Never | 45.0 | 40.0 | 15.0 | 30.0 | 42.0 | 28.0 | ||||||
| >0 and <1/day | 39.0 | 46.0 | 15.0 | 28.0 | 44.0 | 28.0 | ||||||
| ≥1/day | 33.0 | 51.0 | 16.0§ | 44.0 | 36.0 | 20.0 | ||||||
METs, metabolic equivalents
*
Fresco is defined as intake of homemade, non-commercially available sugar sweetened fruit beverage
†
Fruit drink is defined as intake of commercially available sugar sweetened beverage
‡
Fruit juice is defined as intake of natural orange juice and other fruit juices made at home
§
Mean values were significantly different from those of the reference group (“Never”): P< 0.05, assessed by analysis of variance and chi-square tests for continuous and categorical variables respectively