TABLE 2.
Potential confounders by categories of sugar sweetened beverage intake for Costa Rican population-based adults
| Fresco* | Fruit Drink† | Soda | Fruit Juice‡ | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never | ≥1/day | Never | ≥1/day | Never | ≥1/day | Never | ≥1/day | |||||||||
| N (%) | 279 (14.0%) | 968 (47.0%) | 1146 (56.0%) | 283 (14.0%) | 1267 (62.0%) | 84 (4.0%) | 895 (44.0%) | 280 (14.0%) | ||||||||
| Age (y) | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
| 59.0 | 11.0 | 58.0§ | 11.0 | 60.0 | 11.0 | 55.0§ | 12.0 | 60.0 | 11.0 | 53.0§ | 12.0 | 60.0 | 11.0 | 59.0§ | 11.0 | |
| Physical activity (METs) | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
| 36.0 | 17.0 | 36.0 | 17.0 | 36.0 | 16.0 | 36.0 | 16.0 | 35.0 | 15.0 | 39.0 | 23.0 | 36.0 | 18.0 | 33.0§ | 12.0 | |
| Total energy (kcal) | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
| 2183 | 675 | 2619§ | 785 | 2391 | 754 | 2625§ | 821 | 2352 | 706 | 3063§ | 906 | 2335 | 729 | 2629§ | 799 | |
| Sex (%) | ||||||||||||||||
| Male | 13.4 | 48.2 | 54.8 | 14.8 | 58.8 | 4.8 | 42.6 | 13.6 | ||||||||
| Female | 14.3 | 44.6 | 59.9 | 11.0§ | 71.4 | 2.0§ | 47.4 | 14.1 | ||||||||
| Area of residence (%) | ||||||||||||||||
| Rural | 18.0 | 46.6 | 54.0 | 16.8 | 64.6 | 4.4 | 49.2 | 11.5 | ||||||||
| Peri-urban | 13.3 | 47.1 | 54.0 | 12.5 | 60.8 | 4.1 | 39.3 | 12.5 | ||||||||
| Urban | 11.3 | 47.9§ | 59.1 | 13.2§ | 61.3 | 4.0 | 41.3 | 16.1§ | ||||||||
| Education (yrs) | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
| 7.08 | 5.46 | 8.02§ | 5.30 | 7.73 | 5.53 | 7.55 | 4.82 | 7.57 | 5.49 | 9.74§ | 5.33 | 6.27 | 4.72 | 10.5§ | 5.91 | |
| Income ($) | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
| 536 | 439 | 595 | 418 | 578 | 446 | 567 | 388 | 553 | 422 | 621§ | 414 | 467 | 366 | 802§ | 507 | |
| Current smoking (%) | 16.4 | 46.4 | 54.6 | 16.1 | 57.1§ | 3.9 | 48.6 | 11.1§ | ||||||||
METs, metabolic equivalents
*
Fresco is defined as in take of homemade, non-commercially available sugar sweetened beverage
†
Fruit drink is defined as intake of commercially available sugar sweetened beverage
‡
Fruit juice is defined as intake of natural orange juice and other fruit juices made at home
§
Mean values were significantly different from those of the reference group (“Never”): P< 0.05, assessed by analysis of variance and chi-square tests for continuous and categorical variables respectively