Table 1.
Baseline characteristics stratified by race
| Caucasian | All (n = 264) | Control (n = 61) | 4 KKW (n = 83) | 8 KKW (n = 53) | 12 KKW (n = 67) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 58.3 (6.3)* | 57.8 (6.1) | 59.5 (6.3) | 58.1 (6.3) | 57.5 (6.5) |
| Weight (kg) | 83.4 (11.6)* | 85.7 (12.9) | 82.5 (10.) | 85.1 (12.9) | 81.2 (10.5) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 31.4 (3.9) | 32.2 (4.3) | 31.1 (3.4) | 32.0 (4.2) | 30.7 (3.7) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 101.8 (11.7)* | 104.5 (12.5) | 100.1 (10.3) | 103.6 (10.3) | 100.2 (13.1) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 140.0 (12.9) | 141.9 (11.8) | 139.7 (11.9) | 140.2 (14.8) | 138.5 (13.5) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80.0 (8.6)* | 80.2 (8.1) | 79.5 (9.6) | 80.3 (8.1) | 80.1 (8.2) |
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 95.1 (9.4)* | 94.6 (13.1) | 95.0 (7.9) | 95.1 (7.5) | 95.7 (8.3) |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 13.2 (0.9)* | 13.2 (0.8) | 13.2 (0.8) | 13.3 (1.0) | 13.1 (0.8) |
| Baseline physical activity (steps/day) | 4,930.4 (1759.5) | 5,101 (1685.9) | 4,824.3 (1,886.0) | 4,706.7 (1,634.5) | 5,082.1 (1,769.4) |
| Exercise testing data | |||||
| RER (VCO2/VO2) | 1.15 (0.07)* | 1.13 (0.06) | 1.15 (0.07) | 1.14 (0.07) | 1.16 (0.07) |
| Maximum heart rate (beats/min) | 151.8 (16.4) | 151.7 (15.2) | 150.2 (17.8) | 152.4 (16.3) | 152.9 (16.2) |
| Percentage of age-predicted maximum heart rate (%)† | 90.7 (9.2) | 90.6 (9.0) | 90.3 (9.8) | 91.0 (9.0) | 91.1 (8.9) |
| Exercise test max RER value >1.05 (%, n) | 92.1% (243)* | 93.4 (57) | 90.4 (75) | 92.5 (49) | 92.6 (62) |
| African American | All (n = 122) | Control (n = 23) | 4 KKW (n = 28) | 8 KKW (n = 28) | 12 KKW (n = 24) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 54.8 (5.9) | 55.6 (5.2) | 55.4 (6.1) | 54.3 (6.8) | 53.4 (5.0) |
| Weight (kg) | 85.9 (11.9) | 87.1 (10.7) | 84.2 (13.0) | 85.8 (11.1) | 88.6 (11.5) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 32.2 (3.6) | 32.4 (3.0) | 31.7 (4.0) | 32.8 (3.7) | 32.3 (3.0) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 98.5 (11.2) | 98.3 (10.6) | 98.7 (12.2) | 99.6 (12.6) | 97.0 (8.3) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 138.8 (12.7) | 140.0 (11.3) | 139.0 (14.8) | 137.6 (11.1) | 138.9 (11.8) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 83.2 (8.2) | 82.1 (8.1) | 83.4 (7.8) | 82.9 (7.9) | 84.1 (9.7) |
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 92.8 (10.8) | 95.8 (13.9) | 91.5 (9.3) | 92.3 (11.8) | 93.3 (9.3) |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 12.6 (0.9) | 12.8 (0.6) | 12.6 (1.0) | 12.5 (0.08) | 12.6 (1.0) |
| Baseline physical activity (steps/day) | 5,087.4 (1,921.6) | 5,205.6 (1,412.0) | 4,873.8 (1,822.5) | 5,281.6 (2,177.6) | 5,139.2 (2,260.9) |
| Exercise testing data | |||||
| RER (VCO2/VO2) | 1.11 (0.07) | 1.10 (0.06) | 1.10 (0.08) | 1.12 (0.07) | 1.12 (0.07) |
| Maximum heart rate (beats/min) | 152.7 (15.8) | 152.0 (16.8) | 152.3 (15.5) | 152.4 (14.4) | 152.9 (17.5) |
| Percentage of age-predicted maximum heart rate (%)† | 89.9 (9.1) | 89.8 (8.8) | 90.1 (9.1) | 89.7 (9.0) | 89.7 (10.4) |
| Exercise test max RER value >1.05 (%, n) | 82.8 (101) | 78.3 (75) | 80.9 (38) | 85.7 (24) | 87.5 (21) |
Values are presented as mean (SD). One-way ANOVA was performed to test for significant differences among groups. KKW: kcal·kg body wt−1·wk−1; VCO2, elimination rate of carbon dioxide; VO2, maximal oxygen consumption; RER, respiratory exchange ratio.
*
Significantly different from African Americans;
†
percent of maximum heart rate calculated based on the equation from Tanaka et al. (33).