Table 4. Literature review summary of migraine treatment or investigation by rTMS.

Note all studies used a figure-of-8 TMS coil except for Teepker M et al. (2009), which used a circular coil. A, migraine with aura; D, diagnostic; FDI, first dorsal interosseous; HF, high-frequency; LDLPC, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; LF, low-frequency; M, migraine without aura; MASQ, measuring and assessing suffering questionnaire; MC, motor cortex; MEP, motor evoked potential, MO, machine output; MPQ, McGill pain questionnaire; MT, motor threshold; NR, not reported; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; NVA, migraine with non-visual aura; RMT, resting motor threshold; rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; T, therapeutic; TCA, tricyclic antidepressant

Author (Year)	# of Subjects (Age Range)	Type of Migraine	Drug therapy details	rTMS Protocol [Therapeutic or Diagnostic]	Coil Position	MRI Navigation	Sham Method	Adverse Events details	Migraine Outcome Measure	#of Responders (% total) comments
Brighina F, et al. (2004)	6 (40–54)	6 M	Yes Maintained medication with no change in dose(anticonvulsant, β-blockers, calcium channel-blocker, SSRI)	[HF] 12 days of (10 trains (20 Hz × 2s w/30s ITI)) =400 pulses/day @ 90% MT [D]-[T]	LDLPC defined as area 5cm anterior to MC for activation of FDI	No	Coil tilted 45° from the skull	None	Self-rating scale	NR rTMS had a significant long-lasting effect in reducing headache attack frequency, headache index, and the number of abortive pills.
Clarke BM, et al. (2006)	42 (30–53)	32 M 10 A	Yes Maintained medication with no change in dose. (analgesics, antiemetics)	[LF] 1–3 days of (0.2 Hz × 5s) =2 pulses/day @ 30% or 50% MO [T]	NR	No	None	Dizziness (n = 1) Drowsiness (n = 3)	5- point Likert scale MASQ	29(69%) improved with 1 trial 19(87%) improved with 2 trials 9(82%) improved with 3 trials
O’Reardon JP, et al. (2007)	2 (51–66)	2 M	NR Both patients used varying pharmacologic methods of treating migraines, but no mention of use during trial, including anticonvulsants and analagesics.	[HF] 30 days of (10 Hz × 5 mins) =3000 pulses. day @ 120% MT [T]	LDLPC defined as area 5cm anterior to MC for activation of FDI	No	None	NR	Self-rating scale	2(100%)
Teepker M, et al. (2009)	13 (20–63)	6 M 7 A	No	[LF] 5 days of (2 trains (1 Hz × 8.3 mins w/1 min ITI)) =1000 pulses/day @ 100% RMT [T]	Vertex, method of locating stimulation site not specified.	No	Sham Coil	Drowsiness (n = 1) Amyostasia (n = 1) Irritability (n = 1) Phonophobia (n = 1) Vigorous dreams (n = 1)	Self-reporting Self-rating scale	NR Significant reduction in migraine occurrence with active rTMS.
Lipton RB, et al. (2010)	102 (27–50)	37 VA 45 NVA Additional patient data missing.	Yes Maintained medication with no change in dose (β-adrenergic antagonists, SSRI, calcium-channel blockers)	[LF] 1 day of (0.03 Hz × variable time) =max 120 pulses/day @ MO NR [T]	Occiput just below the occipital bone, location method not specified.	No	Sham Coil	Headache (n = 3) Migraine (n = 3) Sinusitis (n = 2) Optic neuritis (n = 1) Nausea (n = 1)	Self-reporting Self-rating scale	34(42.7%)