Table 6. Literature review summary of visceral pain treatment or investigation by rTMS.

Note all studies used a figure-of-8 TMS coil. BDI, Beck depression inventory; D, diagnostic; HF, high-frequency; LF, low-frequency; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscropy; NR, not reported; rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; SII, secondary somatosensory area; T, therapeutic; VAS, visual analog scale

Author (Year)	# of Subjects (Age Range)	Drug therapy details	rTMS Protocol [Therapeutic or Diagnostic]	Coil Position	MRI Navigation	Sham Method	Adverse Events details	Visceral Pain Outcome Measure	#of Responders (% total) comments
Fregni F, et al. (2005)	5 (33–55)	NR	[LF]-[HF] 6 days of (1 or 20 Hz) =1600 pulses/day @ 90% RMT [D]-[T]	Left or right SII using MRI navigation	Yes	Sham Coil	None	VAS MMSE	NR 1 Hz active rTMS reduced pain when stimulating both left and right SII. 20 Hz worsened pain when stimulating left SII and improved pain when stimulating right SII.
Fregni F, et al. (2011)	9 (30–52)	NR	[LF] 10 days of (1 Hz × 26.6 mins) =1600 pulses/day @ 70% MO [D]-[T]	Right SII using MRI navigation	Yes	Sham Coil	Total number of adverse events was reported per treatment group. Numbers of patients with adverse events is not reported.	VAS BDI MRS Biological markers	NR Active rTMS significantly reduced visceral pain.