Table 2.
Association of new cardiac biomarkers with death and cardiovascular events.
| Death | Heart Failure | Major cardiovascular events | Coronary heart disease events | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Events/No. at risk* | 474/3358 | 152/3316 | 334/3228 | 173/3265 | ||||
| Multivariable- adjusted HR, per SD | p | Multivariable- adjusted HR, per SD | p | Multivariable- adjusted HR, per SD | p | Multivariable- adjusted HR, per SD | p | |
| Individual biomarkers | ||||||||
| sST2 | 1.32 (1.20–1.46) | <0.001 | 1.45 (1.23–1.70) | <0.001 | 1.23 (1.10–1.39) | <0.001 | 1.08 (0.92–1.27) | 0.37 |
| GDF-15 | 1.66 (1.51–1.81) | <0.001 | 1.52 (1.29–1.78) | <0.001 | 1.26 (1.12–1.41) | <0.001 | 1.10 (0.93–1.30) | 0.27 |
| hsTnI | 1.16 (1.07–1.26) | <0.001 | 1.28 (1.14–1.45) | <0.001 | 1.18 (1.07–1.29) | <0.001 | 1.02 (0.87–1.18) | 0.84 |
| Biomarker combination | 463/3252 | 149/3212 | 324/3124 | 169/3162 | ||||
| sST2 | 1.12 (1.02–1.24) | 0.02 | 1.29 (1.08–1.53) | 0.005 | 1.15 (1.02–1.30) | 0.03 | 1.03 (0.87–1.22) | 0.76 |
| GDF-15 | 1.52 (1.37–1.67) | <0.001 | 1.23 (1.03–1.47) | 0.03 | 1.13 (1.00–1.28) | 0.046 | 1.06 (0.88–1.26) | 0.55 |
| hsTnI | 1.06 (0.97–1.16) | 0.19 | 1.20 (1.04–1.38) | 0.01 | 1.13 (1.02–1.24) | 0.01 | 0.99 (0.85–1.16) | 0.93 |
| BNP | 1.13 (1.02–1.24) | 0.02 | 1.29 (1.10–1.52) | 0.002 | 1.15 (1.03–1.28) | 0.02 | 1.07 (0.91–1.26) | 0.42 |
| hsCRP | 1.18 (1.07–1.30) | 0.001 | 1.17 (0.97–1.40) | 0.11 | 1.11 (0.98–1.26) | 0.10 | 1.21 (1.02–1.44) | 0.03 |
Values are hazards ratios (HR), with 95% confidence interval, from models adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, hypertension therapy, diabetes, cigarette smoking, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, atrial fibrillation (heart failure and death analyses only), major cardiovascular disease (heart failure and death analyses), ECG left ventricular hypertrophy (heart failure and death analyses), and heart murmur (heart failure analysis only). Results in top panel are from separate models for each biomarker. Results in bottom panel are from a single model adjusted for all biomarkers together. Biomarkers are log transformed; for hsTnI and BNP, values below the detection limit were assigned the detection threshold.
Because individual biomarker data was missing for some individuals (in all cases, no more than 3% of the total sample), the number of events is shown for the model with the fewest missing values. Numbers of individuals at risk differ from the overall sample size due to individuals with missing covariates for the multivariable models. SD: standard deviation. The SDs for each biomarker, in the sample for the death analyses, are as follows: log sST2, 0.36; log GDF-15, 0.41; log hsTnI, 0.75; log BNP, 0.91; log hsCRP, 1.16.