Table 2.
Radiotracers that have been used in human studies to detect breast cancer. Listed by tumor-specific target humans [adapted from Kong et al. (Ref. 196)].
| Target | Single-photon (MBI/BSGI) | Positron-emitter (PET or PEM) |
|---|---|---|
| Perfusion | Tl-201 Thallous Chloride | O-15 Water |
| Tc-99m Sestamibi | ||
| Tc-99m tetrofosmin | ||
| Glucose metabolism | Tc-99m EC-glucosamine | F-18 FDG |
| Hormone receptor | I-123 estradiol | F-18 FES |
| F-18 fluoro-tamoxifen | ||
| F-18 fluoro-norprogesterone | ||
| F-18 fluoromoxestol | ||
| HER2 | In-111 trastuzumab | Zr-89 trastuzumab |
| Cell proliferation/angiogenesis | Tc-99m maraciclatide | F-18 flucuclatide |
| In-111 bevacizumab | F-18 galacto-RGD | |
| F-18 fluorothymidine | ||
| Zr-80 bevacizumab | ||
| Amino acid transporters & protein synthesis | Tc-99m methionine | C-11 methionine |
| I-123 methyltyrosine | C-11 tyrosine | |
| F-18 fluoro-ethyl-tyrosine | ||
| Epidermal growth factor receptor | C-11 Iressa | |
| Cell surface receptor (VPAC1) | Tc-99m VPAC1 | Cu-64 VPAC1 |
| Hypoxia | F-18 fluoromisonidazole | |
| F-18 fluoroetanidazole | ||
| F-18 fluoroazomycin-arabinoside | ||
| Cu-64 diacetyl-bis-N4-methylthiosemicarbazone | ||
| Apoptosis | Tc-99m EC-annexin V | F-18 annexin V |
| Somatostatin receptors | In-111 octreotide | |
| Membrane synthesis | C-11 choline |