Fig. 4.

Artist’s illustration of operating room setup. The patient was placed in supine position with his head slight flexion and a mild tilt toward the operator. The operators stood on the right side of the patient. The scrub nurse was positioned cephalad to the patient. C-arm fluoroscope was set up for a lateral view of the region of interest and was kept available throughout the procedure. Endoscopic and navigation monitors were both placed cephalad to the patient (A operator, B assistant, C scrub nurse, D anesthetist, ① navigation monitor, ② endoscopic monitor)