. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: Twin Res Hum Genet. 2013 May 1;16(3):679–689. doi: 10.1017/thg.2013.23

Table 2.

Survival models with teenage childbirth predicting poor offspring outcomes

	Model 1^a		Model 2^a		Model 3^a		Model 4^b
	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE
Offspring criminal convictions
Violent criminal convictions
Teenage childbirth (vs. adult childbirth)	0.524^*	0.009	0.266^*	0.014	0.321^*	0.014	−0.012	0.025
Birth year (since 1960)			0.013^*	<0.001	0.013^*	<0.001	−0.025^*	0.002
Teenage childbirth^* year of birth			0.025^*	0.001	0.017^*	0.001	−0.003	0.002
Other nonviolent convictions
Teenage childbirth (vs. adult childbirth)	0.300^*	0.007	0.127^*	0.011	0.144^*	0.011	−0.042	0.018
Birth year (since 1960)			−0.023^*	<0.001	−0.026^*	<0.001	−0.043^*	0.002
Teenage childbirth^* year of birth			0.016^*	0.001	0.012^*	0.001	0.005	0.002
Offspring poor academic performance
Low academic attainment
Teenage childbirth (vs. adult childbirth)	0.785^*	0.009	0.393^*	0.030	0.425^*	0.031	0.103	0.063
Birth year (since 1960)			0.005^*	<0.001	0.011^*	<0.001	−0.050^*	0.002
Teenage childbirth^* year of birth			0.021^*	0.002	0.011^*	0.002	0.002	0.003
Low academic achievement
Teenage childbirth (vs. adult childbirth)	0.257^*	0.006	0.135^*	0.010	0.089^*	0.010	0.010	0.015
Birth year (since 1960)			0.036^*	<0.001	0.047^*	<0.001	0.020^*	0.001
Teenage childbirth^* year of birth			0.015^*	0.001	0.013^*	0.006	<0.001	0.001
Offspring substance-related outcomes
Substance-related hospitalizations
Teenage childbirth (vs. adult childbirth)	0.346^*	0.013	0.374^*	0.021	0.315^*	0.021	0.210^*	0.034
Birth year (since 1960)			0.065^*	0.001	0.058^*	0.001	0.039^*	0.003
Teenage childbirth^* year of birth			0.003^*	0.001	−0.002^*	0.001	−0.014^*	0.003
Drug-related convictions
Teenage childbirth (vs. adult childbirth)	0.461^*	0.013	0.447^*	0.021	0.508^*	0.021	0.368^*	0.036
Birth year (since 1960)			0.053^*	0.001	0.044^*	0.001	0.014^*	0.003
Teenage childbirth^* year of birth			0.007^*	0.001	−0.002	0.001	−0.033^*	0.003
Driving-related convictions
Teenage childbirth (vs. adult childbirth)	0.429^*	0.010	0.251^*	0.015	0.288^*	0.014	0.099^*	0.028
Birth year (since 1960)			−0.027^*	0.000	−0.031^*	0.001	−0.063^*	0.003
Teenage childbirth^* year of birth			0.018^*	0.001	0.010^*	0.001	−0.014^*	0.003

Note.

Based on N=3,162,239

Based on a fixed effects model examining differentially exposed siblings (N=485,259). Parameters are distributed as logits.

p<0.05