Table 6.

Chemical constituents of propolis that possess known pharmacological activities.

Chemical compounds	Activities	References
Acacetin	Anti-inflammatory	[72]
Apigenin	Anti-inflammatory	[72]
Artepillin C	Antimicrobial Antitumor activity Antioxidative	[23, 41, 73–75]
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester	Antitumor activity Anti-inflammatory	[76, 77]
Chrysin	Anti-inflammatory	[72]
Caffeic acid	Antibacterial Antifungal Antiviral Anti-inflammatory	[72, 78–80]
Cinnamic acid	Anti-inflammatory	[72]
Dicaffeoylquinic acid derivatives	Hepatoprotective	[81]
Ferulic acid	Anti-inflammatory	[72]
Galangin	Anti-inflammatory	[72]
Gallic acid	Anti-inflammatory	[72]
Moronic acid	Anti-HIV	[9]
Isoferulic acid	Anti-inflammatory	[72]
Pinostrobin	Local anesthesia	[82]
Protocatechuic acid	Anti-inflammatory	[72]
Pinocembrin	Antibacterial Antifungal Antimold Local anesthesia	[79, 80, 82, 83]
Propofol	Antioxidative	[7]
ρ-Coumaric acid	Antibacterial	[74]
m-Coumaric acid	Anti-inflammatory	[72]
o-Coumaric acid	Anti-inflammatory	[72]
Quercetin	Anti-inflammatory Antiviral Antihistamine Ulcer healing Capillary strengthening	[41, 78]
Volatile constituents (phenols, esters, terpenoids, etc.)	Antibacterial	[64]
2,2-Dimethyl-6-carboxyethyl-2H-1-benzopyran	Antimicrobial	[81]
3-[3,4-Dihydroxy-5-prenylphenyl]-2-(E)-propenoic acid	Antioxidative	[84]