Table 1.
Activation of PPAR isotypes in ruminants by main long-chain fatty acids or glucose.
| LCFA/glucose | Effect on PPAR isotype@ | Method# | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PPARα | PPARγ | PPARβ/δ | |||
| 16:0 | +++ | +++ | n/a | Indirect | [26, 28, 61] |
| 18:0 | +++ | +++ | n/a | Indirect | [26, 28] |
| c9-18:1 | ++ | + | n/a | Indirect/Luciferase | [26, 28, 62] |
| t10-18:1 | n/a& | + | n/a | Indirect | [26] |
| 18:2 | + | n/a | n/a | Indirect | [26, 28] |
| c9,t11-18:2 | + | n/a | n/a | Indirect | [26, 28] |
| t10,c12-18:2 | + | ± | n/a | Indirect | [26, 28] |
| CLAmix$ | + | n/a | n/a | Indirect | [36, 77] |
| 20:0 | ++ | n/a | n/a | Indirect | [26, 28] |
| 20:4n-6 | ++ | n/a | ++* | Indirect/Luciferase | [68, 77] |
| 20:5n-3 | ++ | ++ | n/a | Indirect | [26, 28] |
| 22:6n-3 | + | n/a | n/a | Indirect | [26, 28] |
| Glucose | No | n/a | ++ | Luciferase | [68] |
@+++: strong agonist; ++: agonist; +: weak agonist; ±: mixture between agonist and antagonist.
*The 12-HETE, a metabolite of the 20:4n-6 is the actual agonist.
#Indirect: the effect on PPAR isotype target genes was uncovered by the use of specific PPAR synthetic agonists; luciferase: the use of the PPRE-luciferase construct to test activation of PPAR by agonists.
$A mixture (ca. 50% each) of the t10,c12- and c9,t11-conjugated 18:2
&Not available.