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. 2013 Apr 29;2013:684159. doi: 10.1155/2013/684159

Table 2.

PPAR isotype target genes in ruminants grouped by main biological function.

Gene HUGO gene name Tissue/cells1 PPAR2 Reference
Fatty acid import and activation

ACSL1 Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1 MDBK PPARα [28, 61]
Liver PPARα [78]
ACSL3 Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 3 MDBK PPARα [28]
CD36 Thrombospondin receptor MDBK PPARα [28]
BAEC PPARγ [79]
MAC-T PPARγ [26]
FABP4 Fatty acid binding protein 4 Muscle PPARγ [80]#
MDBK PPARα [28]
MAC-T PPARγ [26]
LPL Lipoprotein lipase sP. adipose PPARγ [81]
MAC-T PPARγ [26]
bS. adipose PPARγ [82]

Fatty acid synthesis

ACACA Acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha MAC-T PPARγ [26]
FASN Fatty acid synthase MAC-T PPARγ [26, 83]
bS. adipose PPARγ [82]
bS. adipose PPARγ [84]
INSIG1 Insulin induced gene 1 MAC-T PPARγ [26]
SCD Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (delta-9-desaturase) MDBK PPARα [28]
SREBF1 Sterol regulatory element binding factor 1 MAC-T PPARγ [26]
MDBK PPARα [28]

Fatty acid oxidation

ACADVL Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, very long chain MDBK PPARα [61]
Liver PPARα [78]
ACOX1 Acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 MDBK PPARα [61]
Liver** PPARα [78]
CPT1A Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (liver) MDBK PPARα [28, 36, 61]
Liver** PPARα [78]
CPT2 Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 PAEC PPARγ [85]
CRAT Carnitine O-acetyltransferase PAEC PPARγ [85]
CYP4A11 Cytochrome P450, family 4, subfam. A, polypeptide 11 Liver PPARα [78]

Triacylglycerol synthesis

AGPAT6 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 6 MAC-T PPARγ [26]
DGAT1 Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 MAC-T PPARγ [26]
LPIN1 Lipin 1 MAC-T PPARγ [26]
MDBK PPARα [28, 61]
LPIN3 Lipin 3 MDBK PPARα [28, 78]

Cholesterol synthesis

HMGCR 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase MDBK PPARα [28]
SREBF2 Sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2 MAC-T PPARγ [26]

Signaling molecules

ANGPTL4 Angiopoietin-like 4 Liver PPARα [56, 86]++
MDBK PPARα [28]
FGF21 Fibroblast growth factor 21 Liver PPARα [86]++
EDN1 Endothelin 1 BAEC PPARα [87]
PPARγ
LEP Leptin bS. adipose PPARγ [84]
NOS3 Nitric oxide synthase 3 (endothelial cell) BAEC PPARα [88]
PTGS2 Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 BEND PPARα [44]
PPARγ [44]
pBESC PPARα [77]
MAC-T PPARγ [26]
SPP1 Osteopontin MDBK PPARα [28]
VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor BAEC PPARγ [89]

Other functions

CDKN2A Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A BAEC PPARγ [90]
GAPDH $ Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase s. ASC PPARγ [91]
PPARβ/δ
OLR1 Oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1 BAEC PPARα [92]
PPARγ [46]
PC Pyruvate carboxylase Hepatoma* PPARα [93]
MDBK PPARα [28]
SLC2A1 Solute carrier family 2, member 1 BAEC PPARβ/δ [68]
TERF2 Telomeric repeat binding factor 2 BAEC PPARγ [90]

PPAR activation-related functions

PPARA Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor alpha BAEC PPARα [62]
MDBK PPARα [28, 61]
Liver PPARγ [81]
Muscle** PPARγ [81]
PPARG Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma bEPC PPARγ [94]
MAC-T PPARγ [26]
PPARGC1A PPARγ, coactivator 1 alpha s. Muscle PPARγ [81]

1Acronyms: BAEC: Bovine Aortic Endothelial Cells; BEND: Bovine Endometrial Cells; bEPC: bovine renal Epithelial cells; BRCP: Bovine Retinal Capillary Pericytes; bS. Adipose: bovine subcutaneous adipose; pBESC: primary (16-day cycle) bovine endometrial stromal cells; MDBK: Madin-Darby Kidney Cell Line; PAEC: ovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells; sP.adipose: sheep perirenal adipose; 1s. ASC: sheep adipose stem cells; s. Muscle: sheep muscle.

2The PPAR activated by the treatment with a different effect on expression of the target gene ( induction; inhibition; no change).

*Rat hepatoma was transfected with bovine PC promoter region.

**The increase in expression was with P < 0.10 but P > 0.05.

$The activity and not the mRNA expression of GAPDH was measured.

#Inferred based on the high correlation of expression between PPARG and FABP4.

++Inferred based on hepatic mRNA expression in studies with peripartal cows and undernutrition ketosis [56, 86, 95] (see main body of the paper for details).