Table 2.
Gene | HUGO gene name | Tissue/cells1 | PPAR2 | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fatty acid import and activation | ||||
| ||||
ACSL1 | Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1 | MDBK | ⇑ PPARα | [28, 61] |
Liver | ⇑ PPARα | [78] | ||
ACSL3 | Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 3 | MDBK | ⇑ PPARα | [28] |
CD36 | Thrombospondin receptor | MDBK | ⇑ PPARα | [28] |
BAEC | ⇑ PPARγ | [79] | ||
MAC-T | ⇔ PPARγ | [26] | ||
FABP4 | Fatty acid binding protein 4 | Muscle | ⇑ PPARγ | [80]# |
MDBK | ⇑ PPARα | [28] | ||
MAC-T | ⇔ PPARγ | [26] | ||
LPL | Lipoprotein lipase | sP. adipose | ⇑ PPARγ | [81] |
MAC-T | ⇔ PPARγ | [26] | ||
bS. adipose | ⇔ PPARγ | [82] | ||
| ||||
Fatty acid synthesis | ||||
| ||||
ACACA | Acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha | MAC-T | ⇑ PPARγ | [26] |
FASN | Fatty acid synthase | MAC-T | ⇑ PPARγ | [26, 83] |
bS. adipose | ⇔ PPARγ | [82] | ||
bS. adipose | ⇓ PPARγ | [84] | ||
INSIG1 | Insulin induced gene 1 | MAC-T | ⇑ PPARγ | [26] |
SCD | Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (delta-9-desaturase) | MDBK | ⇑ PPARα | [28] |
SREBF1 | Sterol regulatory element binding factor 1 | MAC-T | ⇑ PPARγ | [26] |
MDBK | ⇑ PPARα | [28] | ||
| ||||
Fatty acid oxidation | ||||
| ||||
ACADVL | Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, very long chain | MDBK | ⇑ PPARα | [61] |
Liver | ⇑ PPARα | [78] | ||
ACOX1 | Acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 | MDBK | ⇔ PPARα | [61] |
Liver** | ⇑ PPARα | [78] | ||
CPT1A | Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (liver) | MDBK | ⇑ PPARα | [28, 36, 61] |
Liver** | ⇑ PPARα | [78] | ||
CPT2 | Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 | PAEC | ⇑ PPARγ | [85] |
CRAT | Carnitine O-acetyltransferase | PAEC | ⇑ PPARγ | [85] |
CYP4A11 | Cytochrome P450, family 4, subfam. A, polypeptide 11 | Liver | ⇑ PPARα | [78] |
| ||||
Triacylglycerol synthesis | ||||
| ||||
AGPAT6 | 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 6 | MAC-T | ⇑ PPARγ | [26] |
DGAT1 | Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 | MAC-T | ⇑ PPARγ | [26] |
LPIN1 | Lipin 1 | MAC-T | ⇑ PPARγ | [26] |
MDBK | ⇑ PPARα | [28, 61] | ||
LPIN3 | Lipin 3 | MDBK | ⇑ PPARα | [28, 78] |
| ||||
Cholesterol synthesis | ||||
| ||||
HMGCR | 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase | MDBK | ⇑ PPARα | [28] |
SREBF2 | Sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2 | MAC-T | ⇑ PPARγ | [26] |
| ||||
Signaling molecules | ||||
| ||||
ANGPTL4 | Angiopoietin-like 4 | Liver | ⇑ PPARα | [56, 86]++ |
MDBK | ⇑ PPARα | [28] | ||
FGF21 | Fibroblast growth factor 21 | Liver | ⇑ PPARα | [86]++ |
EDN1 | Endothelin 1 | BAEC | ⇓ PPARα | [87] |
⇓ PPARγ | ||||
LEP | Leptin | bS. adipose | ⇑ PPARγ | [84] |
NOS3 | Nitric oxide synthase 3 (endothelial cell) | BAEC | ⇑ PPARα | [88] |
PTGS2 | Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 | BEND | ⇑ PPARα | [44] |
⇑ PPARγ | [44] | |||
pBESC | ⇑ PPARα | [77] | ||
MAC-T | ⇔ PPARγ | [26] | ||
SPP1 | Osteopontin | MDBK | ⇑ PPARα | [28] |
VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor | BAEC | ⇑ PPARγ | [89] |
| ||||
Other functions | ||||
| ||||
CDKN2A | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A | BAEC | ⇓ PPARγ | [90] |
GAPDH $ | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase | s. ASC | ⇑ PPARγ | [91] |
⇑ PPARβ/δ | ||||
OLR1 | Oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1 | BAEC | ⇑ PPARα | [92] |
⇓ PPARγ | [46] | |||
PC | Pyruvate carboxylase | Hepatoma* | ⇑ PPARα | [93] |
MDBK | ⇔ PPARα | [28] | ||
SLC2A1 | Solute carrier family 2, member 1 | BAEC | ⇓ PPARβ/δ | [68] |
TERF2 | Telomeric repeat binding factor 2 | BAEC | ⇑ PPARγ | [90] |
| ||||
PPAR activation-related functions | ||||
| ||||
PPARA | Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor alpha | BAEC | ⇑ PPARα | [62] |
MDBK | ⇔ PPARα | [28, 61] | ||
Liver | ⇑ PPARγ | [81] | ||
Muscle** | ⇑ PPARγ | [81] | ||
PPARG | Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma | bEPC | ⇑ PPARγ | [94] |
MAC-T | ⇔ PPARγ | [26] | ||
PPARGC1A | PPARγ, coactivator 1 alpha | s. Muscle | ⇑ PPARγ | [81] |
1Acronyms: BAEC: Bovine Aortic Endothelial Cells; BEND: Bovine Endometrial Cells; bEPC: bovine renal Epithelial cells; BRCP: Bovine Retinal Capillary Pericytes; bS. Adipose: bovine subcutaneous adipose; pBESC: primary (16-day cycle) bovine endometrial stromal cells; MDBK: Madin-Darby Kidney Cell Line; PAEC: ovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells; sP.adipose: sheep perirenal adipose; 1s. ASC: sheep adipose stem cells; s. Muscle: sheep muscle.
2The PPAR activated by the treatment with a different effect on expression of the target gene (⇑ induction; ⇓ inhibition; ⇔ no change).
*Rat hepatoma was transfected with bovine PC promoter region.
**The increase in expression was with P < 0.10 but P > 0.05.
$The activity and not the mRNA expression of GAPDH was measured.
#Inferred based on the high correlation of expression between PPARG and FABP4.