Table 4.
Blood pressure responses to the dietary sodium interventions according to sex and genotypes
| Gene | Genotype | Blood pressure response to low−sodium intervention | Blood pressure response to high−sodium intervention | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | Men | Women | Interaction P a | ||||||||
| Absolute change, mm Hg (95% CI) | P | Absolute change, mm Hg (95% CI) | P | Interaction P a | Absolute change, mm Hg (95% CI) | P | Absolute change, mm Hg (95% CI) | P | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure | ||||||||||||
| DDAH1 | rs11161637 | AA | −6.32 (−6.96 to −5.68) | 1.72×10−7 | −5.77 (−6.53 to −5.01) | 0.97 | 0.0001b | 4.75 (4.22–5.27) | 0.02 | 5.17 (4.52–5.83) | 0.19 | 0.54 |
| AG | −4.78 (−5.40 to −4.17) | −5.79 (−6.61 to −4.98) | 3.74 (3.14–4.34) | 4.42 (3.77–5.07) | ||||||||
| GG | −2.28 (−3.78 to −0.79) | −5.79 (−7.88 to −3.70) | 3.91 (2.62–5.21) | 4.93 (3.36–6.51) | ||||||||
| SELE | rs3917436 | GG | −4.70 (−5.47 to −3.93) | 0.004 | −6.03 (−6.97 to −5.08) | 0.13 | 0.002 | 3.98 (3.34–4.62) | 0.64 | 4.90 (4.13–5.67) | 0.71 | 0.57 |
| GA | −5.57 (−6.19 to −4.95) | −5.94 (−6.72 to −5.15) | 4.65 (4.11–5.18) | 4.92 (4.29–5.54) | ||||||||
| AA | −6.59 (−7.62 to −5.57) | −4.89 (−5.97 to −3.80) | 4.04 (3.22–4.86) | 4.64 (3.70–5.58) | ||||||||
| rs5356 | TT | −5.84 (−6.48 to −5.20) | 0.06 | −5.43 (−6.21 to −4.65) | 0.23 | 0.01 | 4.36 (3.87–4.87) | 0.35 | 4.90 (4.26–5.53) | 0.87 | 0.38 | |
| TC | −5.11 (−5.75 to −4.47) | −6.28 (−7.13 to −5.44) | 4.43 (3.84–5.02) | 4.73 (4.07–5.39) | ||||||||
| CC | −4.68 (−6.28 to −3.08) | −5.57 (−7.44 to −3.69) | 3.11 (1.59–4.64) | 5.45 (3.90–7.00) | ||||||||
| rs3917430 | CC | −5.92 (−6.59 to −5.24) | 0.06 | −5.18 (−5.97 to −4.39) | 0.08 | 0.006 | 4.42 (3.90–4.95) | 0.33 | 4.84 (4.20–5.48) | 0.64 | 0.78 | |
| CG | −5.15 (−5.77 to −4.53) | −6.46 (−7.29 to −5.64) | 4.36 (3.81–4.90) | 4.76 (4.12–5.40) | ||||||||
| GG | −4.73 (−6.31 to −3.16) | −5.65 (−7.24 to −4.05) | 3.60 (2.27–4.93) | 5.41 (3.91–6.92) | ||||||||
| rs3917428 | GG | −5.80 (−6.44 to −5.16) | 0.07 | −5.40 (−6.17 to −4.63) | 0.26 | 0.78 | 4.36 (3.87–4.86) | 0.32 | 4.84 (4.22–5.46) | 0.79 | 0.30 | |
| GA | −5.22 (−5.86 to −4.57) | −6.37 (−7.23 to −5.23) | 4.46 (3.86–5.06) | 4.83 (4.16–5.50) | ||||||||
| AA | −4.38 (−6.03 to −2.73) | −5.21 (−7.09 to −3.33) | 2.98 (1.47–4.49) | 5.20 (3.56–6.83) | ||||||||
| rs5368 | CC | −5.93 (−6.58 to −5.27) | 0.01 | −5.36 (−6.16 to −4.56) | 0.11 | 0.59 | 4.44 (3.92–4.97) | 0.14 | 4.85 (4.19–5.51) | 0.65 | 0.14 | |
| CT | −5.18 (−5.87 to −4.49) | −6.40 (−7.33 to −5.48) | 4.30 (3.67–4.93) | 4.74 (4.00–5.49) | ||||||||
| TT | −3.59 (−5.38 to −1.80) | −5.81 (−7.96 to −3.66) | 2.72 (0.99–4.45) | 5.81 (3.92–7.70) | ||||||||
| rs3917423 | CC | −4.72 (−5.56 to −3.88) | 0.002 | −6.10 (−7.11 to −5.08) | 0.05 | 0.0003b | 3.87 (3.15–4.59) | 0.45 | 5.09 (4.27–5.92) | 0.33 | 0.25 | |
| CT | −5.29 (−5.91 to −4.67) | −6.09 (−6.85 to −5.33) | 4.58 (4.06–5.11) | 4.90 (4.28–5.53) | ||||||||
| TT | −6.64 (−7.49 to −5.78) | −4.81 (−5.78 to −3.85) | 4.24 (3.51–4.97) | 4.54 (3.73–5.35) | ||||||||
| rs1534904 | GG | −5.00 (−5.60 to −4.41) | 0.02 | −5.86 (−6.64 to −5.09) | 0.22 | 0.007 | 4.04 (3.52–4.56) | 0.25 | 4.93 (4.29–5.66) | 0.34 | 0.13 | |
| GT | −5.85 (−6.53 to −5.17) | −5.96 (−6.79 to −5.12) | 4.69 (4.10–5.29) | 4.91 (4.25–5.57) | ||||||||
| TT | −6.53 (−8.13 to −4.93) | −4.16 (−5.65 to −2.68) | 4.18 (3.10–5.25) | 3.91 (2.55–5.27) | ||||||||
| rs3917412 | GG | −5.14 (−5.74 to −4.54) | 0.04 | −5.93 (−6.69 to −5.18) | 0.13 | 0.78 | 4.11 (3.60–4.61) | 0.27 | 4.90 (4.28–5.52) | 0.44 | 0.18 | |
| GA | −5.70 (−6.36 to −5.04) | −5.86 (−6.70 to −5.02) | 4.60 (4.00–5.20) | 4.95 (4.28–5.62) | ||||||||
| AA | −6.96 (−8.76 to −5.16) | −3.97 (−5.46 to −2.48) | 4.42 (3.18–5.65) | 3.81 (2.26–5.37) | ||||||||
| rs3917406 | CC | −4.69 (−5.54 to −3.83) | 0.01 | −5.85 (−6.89 to −4.81) | 0.07 | 0.002 | 3.72 (2.97–4.46) | 0.37 | 5.03 (4.15–5.90) | 0.56 | 0.30 | |
| CT | −5.50 (−6.14 to −4.85) | −6.00 (−6.79 to −5.21) | 4.52 (3.95–5.09) | 4.95 (4.27–5.64) | ||||||||
| TT | −6.47 (−7.49 to −5.44) | −4.52 (−5.52 to −3.53) | 4.12 (3.33–4.92) | 4.65 (3.75–5.56) | ||||||||
| rs932307 | AA | −4.71 (−5.54 to −3.88) | 0.005 | −5.96 (−7.00 to −4.92) | 0.08 | 0.002 | 3.58 (2.89–4.26) | 0.14 | 4.88 (4.05–5.71) | 0.58 | 0.22 | |
| AG | −5.63 (−6.29 to −4.96) | −6.15 (−6.96 to −5.34) | 4.69 (4.14–5.24) | 4.89 (4.25–5.54) | ||||||||
| GG | −6.52 (−7.48 to −5.57) | −4.72 (−5.76 to −3.69) | 4.24 (3.42–5.06) | 4.54 (3.68–5.41) | ||||||||
| Diastolic blood pressure | ||||||||||||
| DDAH1 | rs11161637 | AA | −2.76 (−3.13 to −2.20) | 0.002 | −3.02 (−3.60 to −2.44) | 0.27 | 0.18 | 1.44 (0.97–1.90) | 0.09 | 2.56 (2.01–3.11) | 0.01 | 0.54 |
| AG | −1.94 (−2.49 to −1.38) | −2.74 (−3.38 to −2.09) | 0.91 (0.32–1.49) | 1.69 (1.07–2.31) | ||||||||
| GG | −0.86 (−2.05 to 0.34) | −2.26 (−3.87 to −0.64) | 0.68 (−0.51 to 1.86) | 1.54 (0.10–2.99) | ||||||||
| SELE | rs3917436 | GG | −1.83 (−2.47 to −1.20) | 0.007 | −3.25 (−3.94 to −2.55) | 0.23 | 0.005 | 1.30 (0.72–1.89) | 0.52 | 2.35 (1.68–3.01) | 0.81 | 0.88 |
| GA | −2.30 (−2.82 to −1.78) | −2.61 (−3.23 to −1.99) | 1.20 (0.71–1.68) | 1.95 (1.37–2.54) | ||||||||
| AA | −3.35 (−4.22 to −2.48) | −2.76 (−3.62 to −1.90) | 0.98 (0.16–1.79) | 2.33 (1.47–3.19) | ||||||||
| rs5356 | TT | −2.90 (−3.44 to −2.35) | 0.0002 | −2.65 (−3.26 to −2.03) | 0.24 | 0.0004b | 1.35 (0.88–1.83) | 0.11 | 2.17 (1.57–2.76) | 0.98 | 0.26 | |
| TC | −1.90 (−2.47 to −1.33) | −3.10 (−3.75 to −2.45) | 1.16 (0.59–1.73) | 2.12 (1.52–2.72) | ||||||||
| CC | −0.58 (−1.89 to 0.74) | −3.07 (−4.47 to −1.67) | 0.10 (−1.04 to 1.25) | 2.23 (0.97–3.50) | ||||||||
| rs3917430 | CC | −2.96 (−3.54 to −2.39) | 0.0005 | −2.56 (−3.19 to −1.94) | 0.08 | 0.0002b | 1.35 (0.84–1.86) | 0.28 | 2.15 (1.54–2.75) | 0.62 | 0.96 | |
| CG | −1.95 (−2.50 to −1.39) | −3.04 (−3.68 to −2.40) | 1.11 (0.56–1.65) | 2.02 (1.44–2.60) | ||||||||
| GG | −1.08 (−2.17 to 0.02) | −3.49 (−4.69 to −2.28) | 0.79 (−0.15 to 1.73) | 2.76 (1.49–4.03) | ||||||||
| rs3917428 | GG | −2.89 (−3.43 to −2.35) | 0.0002 | −2.62 (−3.22 to −2.01) | 0.22 | 0.0004b | 1.37 (0.89–1.85) | 0.09 | 2.10 (1.52–2.67) | 0.80 | 0.15 | |
| GA | −1.92 (−2.49 to −1.35) | −3.18 (−3.83 to −2.52) | 1.14 (0.57–1.71) | 2.22 (1.60–2.83) | ||||||||
| AA | −0.57 (−1.87 to 0.73) | −2.87 (−4.22 to −1.52) | 0.09 (−1.03 to 1.21) | 2.15 (0.90–3.40) | ||||||||
| rs5368 | CC | −3.03 (−3.57 to −2.49) | 0.0003 | −2.73 (−3.35 to −2.11) | 0.12 | 0.18 | 1.37 (0.85–1.90) | 0.21 | 2.21 (1.60–2.82) | 0.68 | 0.17 | |
| CT | −2.10 (−2.72 to −1.48) | −3.36 (−4.06 to −2.67) | 1.26 (0.67–1.85) | 2.25 (1.58–2.92) | ||||||||
| TT | −0.21 (−1.74 to 1.31) | −3.39 (−5.04 to −1.73) | 0.14 (−1.12 to 1.39) | 2.68 (1.18–4.18) | ||||||||
| rs3917423 | CC | −1.73 (−2.42 to −1.04) | 0.004 | −3.02 (−3.75 to −2.28) | 0.52 | 0.009 | 1.08 (0.46–1.69) | 0.97 | 2.36 (1.64–3.07) | 0.70 | 0.77 | |
| CT | −2.20 (−2.74 to −1.67) | −2.85 (−3.45 to −2.24) | 1.29 (0.80–1.79) | 2.04 (1.45–2.62) | ||||||||
| TT | −3.21 (−3.97 to −2.46) | −2.71 (−3.51 to −1.91) | 1.08 (0.38–1.78) | 2.17 (1.41–2.93) | ||||||||
| rs1534904 | GG | −1.97 (−2.48 to −1.45) | 0.05 | −3.15 (−3.72 to −2.57) | 0.02 | 0.002 | 1.05 (0.59–1.51) | 0.74 | 2.29 (1.72–2.86) | 0.43 | 0.56 | |
| GT | −2.72 (−3.30 to −2.15) | −2.67 (−3.34 to −2.01) | 1.44 (0.90–1.98) | 1.97 (1.34–2.61) | ||||||||
| TT | −2.59 (−3.66 to −1..52) | −1.92 (−3.00 to −0.84) | 0.77 (−0.43 to 1.96) | 2.05 (0.83–3.27) | ||||||||
| rs3917412 | GG | −2.01 (−2.51 to −1.51) | 0.06 | −3.26 (−3.82 to −2.70) | 0.003 | 0.0006b | 1.13 (0.67–1.59) | 0.80 | 2.37 (1.82–2.92) | 0.17 | 0.22 | |
| GA | −2.71 (−3.30 to −2.11) | −2.51 (−3.19 to −1.83) | 1.28 (0.73–1.84) | 1.90 (1.25–2.54) | ||||||||
| AA | −2.69 (−3.90 to −1.47) | −1.69 (−2.85 to −0.52) | 1.09 (−0.17 to 2.36) | 1.78 (0.38–3.18) | ||||||||
| rs3917406 | CC | −1.95 (−2.64 to −1.25) | 0.007 | −3.27 (−4.07 to −2.46) | 0.39 | 0.009 | 1.28 (0.64–1.92) | 0.66 | 2.60 (1.81–3.39) | 0.64 | 0.79 | |
| CT | −2.05 (−2.61 to −1.48) | −2.88 (−3.54 to −2.22) | 1.16 (0.64–1.68) | 2.12 (1.49–2.75) | ||||||||
| TT | −3.53 (−4.41 to −2.65) | −2.82 (−3.68 to −1.96) | 1.06 (0.27–1.86) | 2.38 (1.54–3.21) | ||||||||
| rs932307 | AA | −1.63 (−2.31 to −0.95) | 0.002 | −3.12 (−3.91 to −2.34) | 0.34 | 0.003 | 0.91 (0.31–1.52) | 0.58 | 2.33 (1.57–3.08) | 0.68 | 0.53 | |
| AG | −2.34 (−2.90 to −1.77) | −2.64 (−3.27 to −2.00) | 1.26 (0.76–1.76) | 1.99 (1.40–2.58) | ||||||||
| GG | −3.38 (−4.22 to −2.53) | −2.66 (−3.49 to −1.82) | 1.14 (0.35–1.93) | 2.13 (1.34–2.92) | ||||||||
| Mean arterial pressure | ||||||||||||
| DDAH1 | rs11161637 | AA | −3.95 (−4.47 to −3.44) | 1.19×10−5 | −3.94 (−4.49 to −3.38) | 0.47 | 0.008 | 2.54 (2.12–2.97) | 0.03 | 3.43 (2.90–3.97) | 0.02 | 0.84 |
| AG | −2.89 (−3.40 to −2.38) | −3.76 (−4.38 to −3.15) | 1.85 (1.33–2.37) | 2.60 (2.04–3.16) | ||||||||
| GG | −1.33 (−2.53 to −0.13) | −3.45 (−5.00 to −1.89) | 1.74 (0.64–2.84) | 2.68 (1.44–3.93) | ||||||||
| SELE | rs3917436 | GG | −2.79 (−3.40 to −2.17) | 0.002 | −4.18 (−4.85 to −3.50) | 0.13 | 0.001b | 2.20 (1.66–2.73) | 0.79 | 3.20 (2.57–3.84) | 0.74 | 0.89 |
| GA | −3.39 (−3.88 to −2.91) | −3.72 (−4.32 to −3.13) | 2.35 (1.91–2.79) | 2.94 (2.40–3.47) | ||||||||
| AA | −4.44 (−5.26 to −3.61) | −3.47 (−4.30 to −2.64) | 2.00 (1.28–2.72) | 3.10 (2.31–3.88) | ||||||||
| rs5356 | TT | −3.88 (−4.39 to −3.37) | 0.0009 | −3.58 (−4.18 to −2.98) | 0.18 | 0.0005b | 2.35 (1.93–2.78) | 0.14 | 3.08 (2.52–3.63) | 0.98 | 0.48 | |
| TC | −2.97 (−3.50 to −2.45) | −4.17 (−4.78 to −3.56) | 2.25 (1.74–2.77) | 2.99 (2.44–3.53) | ||||||||
| CC | −1.96 (−3.23 to −0.68) | −3.90 (−5.32 to −2.48) | 1.12 (−0.04 to 2.27) | 3.29 (2.09–4.50) | ||||||||
| rs3917430 | CC | −3.95 (−4.50 to −3.40) | 0.002 | −3.44 (−4.04 to −2.83) | 0.05 | 0.0002b | 2.37 (1.92–2.82) | 0.25 | 3.05 (2.49–3.61) | 0.61 | 0.88 | |
| CG | −3.02 (−3.52 to −2.51) | −4.18 (−4.79 to −3.58) | 2.19 (1.71–2.68) | 2.92 (2.39–3.46) | ||||||||
| GG | −2.30 (−3.45 to −1.15) | −4.20 (−5.39 to −3.00) | 1.72 (0.76–2.68) | 3.63 (2.40–4.87) | ||||||||
| rs3917428 | GG | −3.86 (−4.37 to −3.35) | 0.001 | −3.55 (−4.14 to −2.96) | 0.18 | 0.0005b | 2.37 (1.94–2.79) | 0.11 | 3.01 (2.48–3.55) | 0.78 | 0.15 | |
| GA | −3.02 (−3.56 to −2.49) | −4.25 (−4.86 to −3.63) | 2.25 (1.74–2.77) | 3.08 (2.51–3.65) | ||||||||
| AA | −1.85 (−3.12 to −0.58) | −3.64 (−5.02 to −2.27) | 1.06 (−0.06 to 2.18) | 3.17 (1.95–4.38) | ||||||||
| rs5368 | CC | −4.00 (−4.52 to −3.48) | 0.0004 | −3.61 (−4.22 to −3.00) | 0.08 | 0.0001b | 2.39 (1.94–2.85) | 0.15 | 3.09 (2.51–3.66) | 0.66 | 0.12 | |
| CT | −3.13 (−3.70 to −2.56) | −4.38 (−5.05 to −3.71) | 2.28 (1.74–2.82) | 3.09 (2.51–3.66) | ||||||||
| TT | −1.35 (−2.80 to 0.10) | −4.19 (−5.86 to −2.51) | 1.00 (−0.30 to 2.29) | 3.08 (2.44–3.71) | ||||||||
| rs3917423 | CC | −2.73 (−3.39 to −2.06) | 0.001 | −4.05 (−4.77 to −3.32) | 0.18 | 0.0007b | 2.01 (1.43–2.59) | 0.75 | 3.28 (2.60–3.95) | 0.48 | 0.49 | |
| CT | −3.24 (−3.73 to −2.75) | −3.93 (−4.50 to −3.36) | 2.39 (1.95–2.83) | 2.99 (2.45–3.53) | ||||||||
| TT | −4.36 (−5.06 to −3.65) | −3.41 (−4.17 to −2.65) | 2.13 (1.50–2.76) | 2.96 (2.26–3.65) | ||||||||
| rs1534904 | GG | −2.98 (−3.47 to −2.50) | 0.02 | −4.06 (−4.61 to −3.50) | 0.04 | 0.001b | 2.05 (1.62–2.47) | 0.48 | 3.17 (2.63–3.71) | 0.33 | 0.19 | |
| GT | −3.77 (−4.30 to −3.24) | −3.77 (−4.41 to −3.13) | 2.53 (2.04–3.02) | 2.95 (2.37–3.52) | ||||||||
| TT | −3.92 (−5.05 to −2.78) | −2.68 (−3.77 to −1.59) | 1.90 (0.91–2.89) | 2.67 (1.57–3.77) | ||||||||
| rs3917412 | GG | −3.06 (−3.53 to −2.59) | 0.03 | −4.15 (−4.69 to −3.62) | 0.007 | 0.0004b | 2.12 (1.70–2.54) | 0.53 | 3.21 (2.69–3.73) | 0.19 | 0.14 | |
| GA | −3.71 (−4.25 to −3.17) | −3.63 (−4.29 to −2.97) | 2.39 (1.89–2.89) | 2.91 (2.32–3.50) | ||||||||
| AA | −4.12 (−5.41 to −2.84) | −2.46 (−3.59 to −1.33) | 2.20 (1.12–3.29) | 2.47 (1.21–3.73) | ||||||||
| rs3917406 | CC | −2.86 (−3.52 to −2.19) | 0.004 | −4.13 (−4.89 to −3.37) | 0.16 | 0.002b | 2.10 (1.49–2.70) | 0.97 | 3.40 (2.67–4.13) | 0.60 | 0.56 | |
| CT | −3.21 (−3.73 to −2.69) | −3.92 (−4.55 to −3.29) | 2.28 (1.81–2.76) | 3.05 (2.47–3.64) | ||||||||
| TT | −4.51 (−5.36 to −3.66) | −3.39 (−4.19 to −2.59) | 2.08 (1.39–2.78) | 3.15 (2.41–3.89) | ||||||||
| rs932307 | AA | −2.66 (−3.31 to −2.01) | 0.0008 | −4.07 (−4.81 to −3.32) | 0.14 | 0.0005b | 1.80 (1.25–2.35) | 0.32 | 3.18 (2.49–3.87) | 0.60 | 0.34 | |
| AG | −3.44 (−3.89 to −2.90) | −3.81 (−4.43 to −3.19) | 2.40 (1.95–2.86) | 2.95 (2.39–3.50) | ||||||||
| GG | −4.43 (−5.23 to −3.63) | −3.35 (−4.15 to −2.55) | 2.17 (1.46–2.88) | 2.94 (2.22–3.65) | ||||||||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; COL18A1, collagen, type XVIII, alpha 1; DDAH1, dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1; HGNC, Human Genome Nomenclature Committee; VWF, von Willebrand factor.
a P value for genotype–sex interaction.
bFalse discovery rate Q < 0.05.