Figure 1. The KKS and suppression of oxidative stress.
Kinins are generated from kininogens by kallikreins and are inactivated by ACE, NEP and ECE. Binding of kinins to bradykinin receptors (B1R and B2R) leads to the reduction of oxidative stress via NO and PGs. NEP, neprilysin; ECE, endothelin-converting enzyme.