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. 2013 Apr 29;110(20):7978–7985. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1217241110

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

General model of land-use intensification. Arcs depict individual land-use systems with three phases: intensification (Boserup; 34), involution (Geertz; 43), and crisis (Malthus; 36), with regime shifts from less to more productive land systems. Green line highlights general trend toward increasing productivity with population.