Fig. 5.

Two views of thalamocortical pathways. The upper figure illustrates a motor instruction to the lower motor center, coming either from the cortex or from the upper parts of the brainstem. Each can send an efference copy shown in red to the thalamus. The lower figure shows the afferents to the thalamus, also in red, all serving essentially the same function as copies of motor instructions. Abbreviations: FO first order, HO higher order.