Figure 1. Distinctive stages of liver IRI.

The ischemic injury, a localized process of hepatic metabolic disturbances, results from glycogen consumption, lack of oxygen supply, and ATP depletion. In the reperfusion injury, an immune activation-mediated amplification process, DAMPs (alarmins) produced during the initial cellular insult, trigger liver non-parenchymal cells (NPC) to generate the pro-inflammatory milieu, which damage the liver tissue directly or indirectly by activating neutrophils and recruiting immune cells from the circulation.