Figure 16.1.

Conceptual representation of autophagic flux. Autophagic flux, the rate at which material is cleared by autophagy, is demonstrated here by the analogy of cars in a traffic jam. Lysosomal inhibitors such as Bafilomycin A₁ and chloroquine act as blockades, resulting in the backup of vesicles as they are processed through the autophagic pathway. Right column: GFP-LC3-expressing cardiac-derived HL-1 cells subjected to 4-h serum starvation incubated with and without Bafilomycin A₁.