Table 4.
|
Intervention |
Control |
Model 1 (crude) |
Model 2 (adjusted) |
Model 3 (adjusted) |
Model 4 (adjusted) |
||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | ± | SE | Mean | ± | SE | Difference | 95%CI | p-value | Difference | 95%CI | p-value | Difference | 95%CI | p-value | Difference | 95%CI | p-value | |
Energy intake-whole day (kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||
LOCF1) |
−29 |
± |
16 |
−7 |
± |
17 |
−22 |
(−23 to 67) |
0.364 |
−21 |
(−19 to 61) |
0.333 |
−23 |
(−18 to 64) |
0.283 |
−27 |
(−112 to 9) |
0.222 |
CDS2) |
−54 |
± |
22 |
9 |
± |
24 |
−54 |
(−10 to 117) |
0.114 |
−50 |
(− 1 to 108) |
0.085 |
−54 |
(− 1 to 108) |
0.073 |
−53 |
(−151 to −12) |
0.034 |
MI3) |
−54 |
± |
35 |
−20 |
± |
38 |
−34 |
(−76 to 145) |
0.519 |
−33 |
(−68 to 134) |
0.493 |
−39 |
(−62 to 140) |
0.420 |
−52 |
(−159 to 50) |
0.321 |
Energy intake-breakfast (kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||
LOCF1) |
19 |
± |
11 |
10 |
± |
12 |
8 |
(−41 to 24) |
0.619 |
11 |
(−41 to 19) |
0.480 |
11 |
(−41 to 20) |
0.505 |
12 |
(−56 to 32) |
0.598 |
CDS2) |
17 |
± |
15 |
23 |
± |
17 |
6 |
(−39 to 51) |
0.793 |
2 |
(−43 to 38) |
0.909 |
0 |
(−42 to 41) |
0.986 |
2 |
(−50 to 55) |
0.922 |
MI3) |
1 |
± |
22 |
5 |
± |
24 |
−5 |
(−59 to 68) |
0.891 |
0 |
(−65 to 64) |
0.988 |
−3 |
(−61 to 66) |
0.937 |
2 |
(−72 to 62) |
0.888 |
Energy intake-lunch (kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||
LOCF1) |
−6 |
± |
10 |
−6 |
± |
10 |
0 |
(−28 to 29) |
0.974 |
−1 |
(−26 to 27) |
0.965 |
−3 |
(−24 to 30) |
0.829 |
22 |
(−17 to 62) |
0.567 |
CDS2) |
−13 |
± |
13 |
−2 |
± |
14 |
−11 |
(−27 to 49) |
0.570 |
−11 |
(−27 to 49) |
0.551 |
−13 |
(−23 to 49) |
0.488 |
−34 |
(−13 to 82) |
0.178 |
MI3) |
−16 |
± |
21 |
−12 |
± |
22 |
−3 |
(−56 to 64) |
0.899 |
−6 |
(−48 to 58) |
0.808 |
−11 |
(−41 to 63) |
0.694 |
−24 |
(−34 to 80) |
0.441 |
Energy intake-dinner (kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||
LOCF1) |
−23 |
± |
6 |
−4 |
± |
6 |
−19 |
(−35 to −3) |
0.031 |
−19 |
(−35 to −2) |
0.040 |
−19 |
(−35 to −3) |
0.030 |
−29 |
(−48 to −10) |
0.007 |
CDS2) |
−29 |
± |
7 |
2 |
± |
8 |
−31 |
(−51 to −11) |
0.008 |
−31 |
(−51 to −11) |
0.007 |
−37 |
(−58 to −16) |
0.003 |
−41 |
(−61 to −20) |
0.001 |
MI3) |
−30 |
± |
10 |
−7 |
± |
11 |
−23 |
(−51 to 5) |
0.136 |
−22 |
(−50 to 6) |
0.147 |
−24 |
(−50 to 3) |
0.110 |
−24 |
(−54 to 4) |
0.114 |
Proportion of carbohydrate to total energy intake (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
LOCF1) |
0.0 |
± |
0.3 |
0.6 |
± |
0.4 |
0.6 |
(−0.4 to 1.6) |
0.246 |
0.7 |
(−0.3 to 1.6) |
0.193 |
0.6 |
(−0.3 to 1.5) |
0.205 |
0.2 |
(−1.0 to 1.3) |
0.768 |
CDS2) |
0.0 |
± |
0.4 |
−0.5 |
± |
0.4 |
0.4 |
(−0.6 to 1.5) |
0.373 |
0.4 |
(−0.5 to 1.3) |
0.390 |
0.3 |
(−0.5 to 1.2) |
0.438 |
−0.3 |
(−1.1 to 0.6) |
0.559 |
MI3) |
−0.1 |
± |
0.7 |
0.0 |
± |
0.7 |
0.2 |
(−2.0 to 2.0) |
0.883 |
0.0 |
(−2.0 to 2.1) |
0.985 |
−0.1 |
(−1.8 to 2.0) |
0.945 |
−0.3 |
(−1.7 to 2.3) |
0.764 |
Proportion of protein to total energy intake (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
LOCF1) |
0.2 |
± |
0.1 |
0.2 |
± |
0.1 |
0.0 |
(−0.3 to 0.3) |
0.837 |
0.0 |
(−0.4 to 0.3) |
0.764 |
0.1 |
(−0.4 to 0.2) |
0.759 |
0.1 |
(−0.3 to 0.5) |
0.633 |
CDS2) |
0.3 |
± |
0.1 |
0.3 |
± |
0.1 |
0.0 |
(−0.4 to 0.4) |
0.999 |
0.0 |
(−0.4 to 0.3) |
0.862 |
0.0 |
(−0.4 to 0.4) |
0.884 |
0.2 |
(−0.1 to 0.6) |
0.257 |
MI3) |
0.3 |
± |
0.2 |
0.1 |
± |
0.2 |
−0.2 |
(−0.9 to 0.5) |
0.512 |
−0.2 |
(−0.8 to 0.5) |
0.546 |
−0.2 |
(−0.8 to 0.5) |
0.597 |
−0.3 |
(−0.3 to 0.6) |
0.825 |
Proportion of total fat to total energy intake (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
LOCF1) |
−0.2 |
± |
0.3 |
0.3 |
± |
0.3 |
−0.6 |
(−1.3 to 0.1) |
0.152 |
−0.6 |
(−1.3 to 0.1) |
0.111 |
−0.6 |
(−1.2 to 0.1) |
0.110 |
−0.3 |
(−1.2 to 0.5) |
0.435 |
CDS2) |
−0.2 |
± |
0.3 |
0.2 |
± |
0.3 |
−0.5 |
(−1.3 to 0.4) |
0.282 |
−0.4 |
(−1.1 to 0.3) |
0.287 |
−0.3 |
(−0.9 to 0.3) |
0.307 |
0.1 |
(−0.6 to −0.7) |
0.861 |
MI3) |
−0.2 |
± |
0.6 |
−0.2 |
± |
0.6 |
0.0 |
(−1.9 to 1.8) |
0.755 |
−0.1 |
(−1.5 to 1.6) |
0.941 |
0.0 |
(−1.4 to 1.5) |
0.953 |
0.1 |
(−1.6 to 1.4) |
0.900 |
Vegetable intake-whole day (g) | ||||||||||||||||||
LOCF1) |
35.1 |
± |
5.5 |
−0.2 |
± |
5.7 |
35.3 |
(19.6 to 50.6) |
0.000 |
29.0 |
(14.9 to 43.1) |
0.001 |
28.6 |
(14.3 to 42.9) |
0.001 |
25.5 |
(5.9 to 45.1) |
0.021 |
CDS2) |
43.2 |
± |
6.3 |
5.4 |
± |
7,1 |
37.8 |
(19.2 to 56.4) |
0.001 |
31.4 |
(13.2 to 49.6) |
0.003 |
30.1 |
(11.6 to 48.7) |
0.005 |
28.6 |
(8.9 to 48.2) |
0.011 |
MI3) |
39.1 |
± |
8.5 |
−1.4 |
± |
9.3 |
40.5 |
(13.2 to 67.9) |
0.007 |
31.6 |
(8.5 to 56.7) |
0.021 |
31.6 |
(7.8 to 55.6) |
0.024 |
30.5 |
(5.6 to 55.4) |
0.034 |
Vegetable intake-breakfast (g) | ||||||||||||||||||
LOCF1) |
16.0 |
± |
2.8 |
−0.3 |
± |
2.8 |
16.3 |
(8.6 to 23.9) |
0.001 |
13.0 |
(5.9 to 20.0) |
0.002 |
12.7 |
(6.5 to 18.9) |
0.001 |
14.3 |
(4.6 to 23.7) |
0.001 |
CDS2) |
20.2 |
± |
3.0 |
0.8 |
± |
3.3 |
19.4 |
(10.5 to 28.3) |
0.000 |
14.1 |
(6.3 to 21.9) |
0.003 |
13.1 |
(5.3 to 20.9) |
0.004 |
11.5 |
(1.1 to 21.5) |
0.043 |
MI3) |
15.5 |
± |
4.2 |
−0.5 |
± |
4.5 |
16.0 |
(3.9 to 28.3) |
0.021 |
13.0 |
(−0.3 to 22.5) |
0.078 |
12.7 |
(−0.2 to 21.3) |
0.079 |
12.5 |
(−0.3 to 22.7) |
0.062 |
Vegetable intake-lunch (g) | ||||||||||||||||||
LOCF1) |
13.1 |
± |
3.0 |
0.5 |
± |
3.1 |
9.5 |
(4.2 to 21.0) |
0.009 |
9.9 |
(2.2 to 16.9) |
0.020 |
9.0 |
(1.7 to 16.4) |
0.027 |
6.0 |
(4.3 to 16.2) |
0.270 |
CDS2) |
15.9 |
± |
3.4 |
5.1 |
± |
3.8 |
10.8 |
(10.8 to 20.8) |
0.048 |
8.5 |
(−0.4 to 17.5) |
0.078 |
8.0 |
(−1.2 to 17.2) |
0.108 |
3.6 |
(−8.0 to 15.1) |
0.550 |
MI3) |
15.0 |
± |
4.5 |
−0.3 |
± |
4.9 |
15.3 |
(0.6 to 30.0) |
0.042 |
10.9 |
(−2.3 to 24.1) |
0.113 |
10.5 |
(−1.3 to 22.2) |
0.106 |
9.8 |
(−2.1 to 21.7) |
0.134 |
Vegetable intake-dinner (g) | ||||||||||||||||||
LOCF1) |
6.4 |
± |
2.8 |
−0.6 |
± |
2.9 |
7.2 |
(−0.8 to 14.8) |
0.095 |
5.8 |
(−1.5 to 13.1) |
0.129 |
5.6 |
(−1.7 to 12.9) |
0.144 |
4.2 |
(−4.8 to 13.3) |
0.376 |
CDS2) |
5.7 |
± |
3.1 |
0.1 |
± |
3.4 |
5.6 |
(−0.8 to 16.9) |
0.093 |
6.0 |
(−2.4 to 14.9) |
0.177 |
6.2 |
(−14.3 to 45.1) |
0.174 |
3.1 |
(−5.9 to 45.1) |
0.491 |
MI3) |
8.3 |
± |
3.9 |
−1.3 |
± |
4.3 |
9.7 |
(−3.4 to 19.8) |
0.132 |
8.2 |
(−3.4 to 19.8) |
0.186 |
8.0 |
(−4.6 to 20.7) |
0.196 |
8.2 |
(−3.8 to 20.2) |
0.205 |
Dietary fiber intake (g) | ||||||||||||||||||
LOCF1) |
0.7 |
± |
0.2 |
0.1 |
± |
0.2 |
0.6 |
(0.1 to 1.0) |
0.022 |
0.5 |
(0.1 to 0.9) |
0.039 |
0.5 |
(−0.1 to 1.0) |
0.051 |
0.4 |
(0.0 to 1.0) |
0.241 |
CDS2) |
0.9 |
± |
0.2 |
0.3 |
± |
0.2 |
0.6 |
(0.0 to 1.2) |
0.087 |
0.4 |
(−0.1 to 1.0) |
0.157 |
0.4 |
(−0.2 to 1.0) |
0.225 |
0.3 |
(−0.5 to 1.0) |
0.489 |
MI3) | 0.7 | ± | 0.3 | 0.1 | ± | 0.3 | 0.6 | (−1.6 to 0.4) | 0.246 | 0.4 | (−1.4 to 0.5) | 0.346 | 0.4 | (−1.4 to 0.6) | 0.380 | 0.4 | (−1.3 to 0.6) | 0.393 |
SE: standard error, 95%CI: 95% confidence interval, degree of freedom = 18.
# Value of HbA1C is JDS15.
1) LOCF: last observation carried forward (IG: n = 100, CG: n = 93).
2) CDS: complete data set. (IG: n = 84, CG: n = 70).
3) MI: Multiple imputation with all analyzed variables (number of imputations = 200) (IG: n = 100, CG: n = 93).
Model 1: crude.
Model 2: mixed model adjusted for baseline.
Model 3: mixed model adjusted for baseline, gender, age and BMI.
Model 4: mixed model adjusted for baseline, gender, age, BMI, smoking status, exercise status, change of exercise level, family history of type 2 diabetes, and complication.