Table 1.
The type and concentration of phytohcemicals in a range of wholegrain cereals
| Phytochemical | Wheat | Barley | Rice | Rye | Oat |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Methionine (g/100g) [48,53-56] |
0.17 – 0.24 |
0.03 – 0.08 |
0.18 – 0.21 |
0.18 |
0.18 |
| Cystine (g/100g) [48,53-56] |
0.19 – 0.40 |
0.06 – 0.2 |
0.11 – 0.16 |
0.18 |
0.18 |
| Selenium (mg/100g) [48,57-60] |
0.0003 – 3 |
0.002 – 0.030 |
0.0002 – 1.37 |
0.00014 |
< 0.10 – 3.3 |
| Folate (mg/100g) [60,61] |
0.01 – 0.09 |
0.5 – 0.8 |
0.016 |
0.55 – 0.80 |
0.05 – 0.06 |
| Choline (mg/100g) [48,62] |
27 – 195 |
6.9 – 11 |
Unknown |
Unknown |
2.0 – 2.6 |
| Tocopherols + tocotrienols [48,63-67] |
2.3 – 8.0 |
4.7 – 6.8 |
0.4 – 0.9 |
0.4 – 0.7 |
0.05 – 4.8 |
| Carotenoids (total) (mg gallic acid eq./100g) [48,60] |
0.04 – 0.63 |
0.015 – 0.105 |
0.014 – 0.077 |
Unknown |
0.031 |
| Polyphenols (mg/100g) [60] |
70 – 1459 |
50 – 196 |
54 – 313 |
125 – 255 |
9 – 34 |
| Phenolic acids (total) (μg/g) [61,64,68] |
200 – 900 |
100 – 550 |
Unknown |
200 – 1080 |
350 – 874 |
| Phenolic acid (free) (ug/g) [61,64,68] |
5 – 39 |
5 – 23 |
Unknown |
10 – 35 |
50 – 110 |
| Ferulic acid (total, mg/100g) [48,69] |
16 – 213 |
110 – 120 |
30 |
3.9 – 5.0 |
2.1 – 2.4 |
| Flavanoids (total, mg/100g) [48,69] |
30 – 43 |
12 – 18 |
Unknown |
6.7 – 7.5 |
5.6 – 8.2 |
| Other (mg/100g) |
|
|
|
|
|
| Alkylresorcinols μg/g [61,70] |
200 – 750 |
0 – 150 |
Not present |
570 – 3220 |
Not present |
| Avenanthramides (mg/100g [71,72] |
Not present |
Not present |
Not present |
Not present |
4.9 – 27.5 |
| Betaine (mg/100g) [48,60,62,73] |
22 – 291 |
40 – 76 |
0.5 (brown) |
Unknown |
11.3 – 100 |
| Phytosterols (mg/100g) [48,74] | 57 – 98 | 90 – 115 | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |