Table 1.
List of variables, measuring instruments and data sources
| Variable | Instrument | Data collection method | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Health outcome indicators |
|
|
|
| |
HbA1C |
DCA Vantage (Siemens) |
Blood samples taken by trained field researchers, analysed by laboratory staff at location. Results on a patient record form |
| |
Blood pressure |
Electronic sphygmomanometer from certified manufacturer, study Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) |
By trained field researchers, on patient record form |
| |
BMI |
Height and weight measured by research staff, study SOP |
By trained field researchers, on patient record form |
| |
Waist/Hip ratio |
Conventional measuring tape according to study-SOP |
By trained field researchers, on patient record form |
| |
Diabetic foot lesions (nr) |
Number of active wounds on both feet, detected through systematic examination by trained research staff |
By trained field researchers, on patient record form |
|
Access to care indicators |
|
|
|
| |
Attendance of DSME and medical care |
Self-report over 12-month period: number of educator-contacts (check DSME patient records), visits to medical doctor, kidney-function test |
Interviews with paper questionnaire, by researchers (Q28, 30, 31) |
| |
Total medical expenditure |
Self-report |
Interviews with paper questionnaire, by researchers (Q32 a+b) |
| |
Total time for h care visits |
Self-report |
Interviews with paper questionnaire, by researchers ( Q32c+d) |
|
Quality of support indicators |
|
|
|
| |
Perceived Quality of Care DSME |
PACIC score (Glasgow et al. [33]) |
Interviews with paper questionnaire, by researchers (Q33a-t) |
| |
DSME needs and services |
6-elements questionnaire, inspired by Diabetes Care Profile [34] |
Interviews with paper questionnaire, by researchers (Q34+35) |
| |
Enablement through DSME |
Patient enablement score [35] |
Interviews with paper questionnaire, by researchers (Q36) |
|
Empowerment indicators |
|
|
|
| |
Level of knowledge on diabetes (care) |
Diabetes Knowledge Score, adapted from Brief Diabetes Knowledge Test & the Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire ([36,37]) |
Interviews with paper questionnaire, by researchers (Q13) |
| |
Attitude towards diabetes |
Attitude scale Diabetes Care Profile [34] |
Interviews with paper questionnaire, by researchers (Q14) |
| |
Feeling of control |
Control scale from Diabetes Care Profile [34] |
Interviews with paper questionnaire, by researchers (Q15a-d) |
|
Self-management behaviour |
|
|
|
| |
Adherence to glucose monitoring & control |
Self-report of last time self-monitoring, professional monitoring, medication taking |
Interviews with paper questionnaire, by researchers (Q16-25) |
| |
Adherence to exercise & diet |
Self-report |
Interviews with paper questionnaire, by researchers (Q38/37, 41) |
|
Process indicators |
|
|
|
| |
Number of SMS sent (ProjIC) to participant |
Database that is used to send out ProjIC |
Assessment by the project manager |
| |
Number and type (call or SMS) of PatIC to educators |
Telephone provider records |
Assessment by the project manager |
| |
intervention cost at DSMS programme level |
Extraction from data from project documents |
Collected by country research team |
|
Context characteristics |
|
|
|
| Diabetes prevalence, phone penetration, literacy rate, DSME programme characteristics |
extraction from data from project documents, country-related publications and other secondary data |
Collected by country research team |
|
| Knowledge and professional habits of diabetes care providers | Provider Profile, Diabetes Management Practices and Brief Diabetes Knowledge & Practice Test (adapted from ([38]) | Written self-administered questionnaire to health providers | |