Table 4.
Univariate analysis of characteristics associated with VL-malaria co-infections, Sudan (2005-2010)
| Variable | Cases n (%) | Controls n (%) | Crude Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gender |
404 |
870 |
|
|
| Male |
212 (52.5) |
501 (57.6) |
1 |
|
| Female |
192 (47.5) |
369 (42.4) |
1.23 |
0.97-1.56* |
|
Age |
400 |
853 |
|
|
| <5 years |
120 (30.0) |
176 (20.6) |
1.53 |
1.05-2.24* |
| 5-9 years |
77 (19.3) |
180 (21.1) |
0.96 |
0.64-1.44 |
| 10-19 years |
92 (23.0) |
225 (26.4) |
0.92 |
0.62-1.35 |
| 20-29 years |
50 (12.5) |
135 (15.8) |
0.83 |
0.53-1.30 |
| ≥30 years |
61 (15.3) |
137 (16.1) |
1 |
|
|
Treatment center |
404 |
882 |
|
|
| Gedarif Teaching Hospital |
18 (4.4) |
450 (51.0) |
1 |
|
| Tabarakallah Hospital |
84 (20.8) |
237 (26.9) |
8.86 |
5.20-15.10* |
| Al`Azaza kala-azar Clinic |
302 (74.8) |
195 (22.1) |
38.72 |
23.38-64.11* |
|
Season |
398 |
863 |
|
|
| Dry season |
232 (58.3) |
528 (61.2) |
1 |
|
| Wet season |
166 (41.7) |
335 (38.8) |
1.13 |
0.89-1.44 |
|
Previous anti-leishmanial treatment |
389 |
860 |
|
|
| No |
373 (95.9) |
806 (93.7) |
1 |
|
| Yes |
16 (4.1) |
54 (6.3) |
0.64 |
0.36-1.13 |
|
Previous anti-malarial treatment |
396 |
864 |
|
|
| No |
277 (70.0) |
604 (69.9) |
1 |
|
| Yes |
119 (30.0) |
260 (30.1) |
1.00 |
0.77-1.29 |
|
Malnutrition |
322 |
575 |
|
|
| None |
262 (81.4) |
497 (86.4) |
1 |
|
| Mild |
17 (5.3) |
25 (4.3) |
1.29 |
0.68-2.43 |
| Moderate |
29 (9.0) |
41 (7.1) |
1.34 |
0.82-2.21 |
| Severe |
14 (4.4) |
12 (2.1) |
2.21 |
1.01-4.85* |
|
Anemia degree on admission |
374 |
725 |
|
|
| Median Hb (inter-quartile range) |
7.0 (6.5-8.0) |
8.0 (7.0-9.0) |
|
|
| None-mild (Hb ≥7.3 g/dl) |
182 (48.7) |
445 (61.4) |
1 |
|
| Moderate (Hb 5.3-7.2 g/dl) |
149 (39.8) |
210 (29.0) |
1.73 |
1.32-2.28* |
| Severe (Hb <5.3 g/dl) |
43 (11.5) |
70 (9.7) |
1.50 |
0.99-2.28* |
|
Spleen size |
238 |
563 |
|
|
| Median (inter-quartile range) |
4.0 (2.0-6.0) |
5.0 (2.0-8.0) |
|
|
| 0-3 cm |
94 (39.5) |
150 (26.6) |
1 |
|
| 4-5 cm |
79 (33.2) |
141 (25.0) |
0.89 |
0.61-1.30 |
| ≥6 cm |
65 (27.3) |
272 (48.3) |
0.38 |
0.26-0.55* |
|
Infection intensity in lymph node aspirate |
377 |
447 |
|
|
| +1 |
339 (89.9) |
418 (93.5) |
1 |
|
| +2 |
24 (6.4) |
20 (4.5) |
1.48 |
0.80-2.72 |
| +3 |
11 (2.9) |
8 (1.8) |
1.70 |
0.67-4.26 |
| +4 |
3 (0.8) |
1 (0.2) |
3.70 |
0.38-35.72 |
|
Infection intensity in bone marrow aspirate |
16 |
248 |
|
|
| +1 |
15 (93.8) |
244 (98.4) |
1 |
|
| +2 |
1 (6.2) |
4 (1.6) |
4.07 |
0.43-38.68 |
|
Symptoms |
404 |
880 |
|
|
| Hepatomegaly |
19 (4.7) |
128 (14.5) |
0.29 |
0.18-0.48* |
| Jaundice |
19 (4.7) |
15 (1.7) |
2.85 |
1.43-5.66* |
| Weight loss | 278 (68.8) | 370 (42.0) | 3.04 | 2.37-3.90* |
*P-value <0.10 based on Person Chi-square tests