Table 2.
Hazard ratiosa for development of overweight and/or obesity during study period
| HR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|
| All children (n=5,613) |
Children from households not poor at baseline (n=3,776) |
|
| Poverty experience | ||
| Never poor | (ref) | (ref) |
| Transient poor | 0.79 (0.68, 0.93) | 0.71 (0.60, 0.84) |
| Recurrent poor | 0.74 (0.62, 0.88) | 0.47 (0.36, 0.62) |
| Persistent poor | 0.61 (0.51, 0.74) | 0.26 (0.15, 0.47) |
| Child age (years) | ||
| Less than 3 | 1.06 (0.95, 1.19) | 1.07 (0.96, 1.20) |
| 3-5 | (ref) | (ref) |
| 6-8 | 0.91 (0.76, 1.08) | 0.81 (0.67, 0.98) |
| 9-11 | 0.77 (0.55, 1.09) | 0.47 (0.28, 0.80) |
| 12 and over | 0.97 (0.31, 3.08) | 1.28 (0.50, 3.27) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Black/non-Hispanic | 1.15 (1.03, 1.29) | 1.15 (1.00, 1.32) |
| Hispanic | 1.01 (0.89, 1.14) | 0.99 (0.86, 1.13) |
| Non-Black/non-Hispanic | (ref) | (ref) |
| Maternal age (years) | ||
| 23-29 | (ref) | (ref) |
| 30-39 | 1.07 (0.89, 1.28) | 1.05 (0.87, 1.26) |
| 39-51 | 1.34 (0.93, 1.95) | 1.20 (0.83, 1.75) |
| Maternal educational attainment | ||
| Less than high school (<12 years) | 1.49 (1.22, 1.81) | 1.45 (1.19, 1.77) |
| High school graduate (12 years) | 1.25 (1.06, 1.48) | 1.23 (1.04, 1.44) |
| Some college (12 to <16 years) | 1.26 (1.05, 1.50) | 1.22 (1.03, 1.44) |
| College graduate (16 or more years) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Maternal marital status | ||
| Unmarried | 1.35 (1.18, 1.53) | 1.24 (1.07, 1.44) |
| Married | (ref) | (ref) |
| Maternal BMI category | ||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 0.82 (0.60, 1.12) | 0.63 (0.44, 0.92) |
| Normal (18.5 – 24.9) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Overweight (25.0-29.9) | 1.59 (1.40, 1.80) | 1.51 (1.33, 1.71) |
| Obese (≥30) | 2.09 (1.82, 2.40) | 2.22 (1.94, 2.55) |
| Maternal employment status | ||
| Employed | (ref) | (ref) |
| Unemployed | 1.17 (0.94, 1.44) | 1.15 (0.88, 1.49) |
| Out of the labor force | 0.92 (0.81, 1.04) | 0.90 (0.80, 1.02) |
| Baseline year | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.04) |
a
Estimates from Cox proportional hazard models with robust standard errors to account for clustering by mother and weighted to account for survey sampling and differential non-response