Table 2.
Associations of BMI z-score at ages 3 and 7 with quintile of plasma leptin from 2nd trimester of pregnancy, venous umbilical cord blood at delivery, and children at 3 years.a
| Difference in means vs. Q1 (95% CI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P trend |
| Maternal leptin, median (range) | 7.4 (2.1–<11.0) | 13.8 (11.0–<16.6) | 19.8 (16.6–<24.0) | 28.6 (24.0–<33.8) | 41.4 (33.8–99.5) | |
| Age 3 BMI Z (n=839) | ||||||
| M1. Unadjusted | 0.00 | 0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) | 0.2 (−0.0, 0.4) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.5) | 0.2 (−0.0, 0.4) | 0.01 |
| M2. M1 + maternal BMI | 0.00 | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.2) | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.3) | −0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) | −0.3 (−0.5, −0.0) | 0.15 |
| M3. M2 + other covariatesb | 0.00 | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.1) | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.1) | −0.2 (−0.4, 0.1) | −0.5 (−0.7, −0.2) | 0.003 |
| Age 7 BMI Z (n=717) | ||||||
| M1. Unadjusted | 0.00 | 0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.5) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.6) | <0.0001 |
| M2. M1 + maternal BMI | 0.00 | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.1) | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.3) | −0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) | −0.2 (−0.4, 0.1) | 0.51 |
| M3. M2 + other covariatesb | 0.00 | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.1) | −0.0 (−0.3, 0.2) | −0.2 (−0.4, 0.0) | −0.4 (−0.6, −0.1) | 0.01 |
| Change in BMI Z between ages 3 and 7 (n=663) | ||||||
| M1. Unadjusted | 0.00 | −0.0 (−0.2, 0.1) | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.2) | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.2) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) | 0.01 |
| M2. M1 + maternal BMI | 0.00 | −0.1 (−0.2, 0.1) | 0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) | −0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.3) | 0.29 |
| M3. M2 + other covariatesb | 0.00 | −0.1 (−0.2, 0.1) | 0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) | −0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.3) | 0.44 |
| Cord leptin, median (range) | 2.2 (0.5–<3.5) | 4.4 (3.5–<5.5) | 7.2 (5.5–<8.7) | 10.7 (8.7–<14.3) | 18.8 (14.3–40.0) | |
| Age 3 BMI Z (n=508) | ||||||
| M1. Unadjusted | 0.00 | −0.2 (−0.5, 0.1) | 0.0 (−0.3, 0.3) | 0.0 (−0.3, 0.3) | −0.2 (−0.5, 0.1) | 0.53 |
| M2. M1 + maternal BMI + BW/GA-zc |
0.00 | −0.2 (−0.5, 0.1) | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.2) | −0.2 (−0.4, 0.1) | −0.5 (−0.8, −0.2) | 0.004 |
| M3. M2 + other covariatesb | 0.00 | −0.2 (−0.5, 0.1) | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.2) | −0.2 (−0.5, 0.0) | −0.5 (−0.8, −0.2) | 0.003 |
| Age 7 BMI Z (n=421) | ||||||
| M1. Unadjusted | 0.00 | −0.2 (−0.5, 0.1) | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.2) | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.2) | −0.2 (−0.5, 0.1) | 0.32 |
| M2. M1 + maternal BMI + BW/GA-zc |
0.00 | −0.2 (−0.5, 0.1) | −0.2 (−0.5, 0.1) | −0.2 (−0.5, 0.0) | −0.5 (−0.8, −0.2) | 0.004 |
| M3. M2 + other covariatesb | 0.00 | −0.2 (−0.5, 0.0) | −0.2 (−0.5, 0.0) | −0.3 (−0.6, 0.0) | −0.4 (−0.7, −0.1) | 0.02 |
| Change in BMI Z between ages 3 and 7 (n=389) | ||||||
| M1. Unadjusted | 0.00 | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.2) | −0.3 (−0.5, −0.0) | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.1) | −0.0 (−0.3, 0.2) | 0.84 |
| M2. M1 + maternal BMI + BW/GA-zc |
0.00 | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.2) | −0.2 (−0.5, 0.0) | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.2) | 0.0 (−0.2, 0.3) | 0.94 |
| M3. M2 + other covariatesb | 0.00 | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.2) | −0.3 (−0.5, −0.0) | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.2) | 0.1 (−0.2, 0.4) | 0.72 |
| Child age 3 leptin, median(range) | 0.5 (0.1–<0.8) | 1.1 (0.8–<1.2) | 1.4 (1.2–<1.7) | 2.0 (1.7–<2.5) | 3.4 (2.5–14.0) | |
| Age 7 BMI Z (n=510) | ||||||
| M1. Unadjusted | 0.00 | 0.0 (−0.3, 0.3) | 0.2 (−0.0, 0.5) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.5) | 0.6 (0.3, 0.8) | <0.0001 |
| M2. M1 + maternal BMI + child BMI z at 3y |
0.00 | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.1) | −0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.3) | 0.2 (−0.0, 0.4) | 0.04 |
| M3. M2 + other covariatesb | 0.00 | −0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) | 0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.3) | 0.2 (−0.0, 0.4) | 0.05 |
| Change in BMI Z between ages 3 age 7 (n=510) | ||||||
| M1. Unadjusted | 0.00 | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.2) | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.1) | 0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) | −0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) | 0.88 |
| M2. M1 + maternal BMI + child BMI z at 3y |
0.00 | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.1) | −0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.3) | 0.2 (−0.0, 0.4) | 0.04 |
| M3. M2 + other covariatesb | 0.00 | −0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) | 0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.3) | 0.2 (−0.0, 0.4) | 0.05 |
a
Data from maternal-child pairs in Project Viva. Change in BMI z-score from ages 3 to 7 also assessed as an outcome. Bold indicates p<0.05 comparing the top quintile to the bottom quintile in the final model.
b
Other covariates are as follows: Household income, maternal age, education level, smoking status, and gestational weight gain; paternal BMI; and child sex, race/ethnicity, breastfeeding duration, and exact age at exposure and outcome measurements. Change in BMI z-score outcome adjusted for age at both 3 year and 7 year visits.
c
BW/GA-z: birth weight-for-gestational-age z-score.