Table 2.

Summary of known neuromuscular changes with aging and their effect on dynamic postural control

Neuromuscular Changes with Age	Kinematic and Kinetic Response		Automatic Postural Response			Voluntary Postural Response
	Passive-Induced Responses	Active-Correcting Responses	Onset	Amplitude	Coordination	Onset	Amplitude	Coordination
Proprioception	Yes[20]	Yes[44]	Yes[20,44]	Yes[20]	No	No	No	No
Vestibular Input	No	Yes[38,47]	Yes[38]	Yes[38,49–51]	Yes[38]	No	Yes[38]	Yes[52]
Vision	No	Yes[34]	No	Yes[19,57]	No	Yes[56]	No	No
Muscle Strength	No	Yes[73–75]	No	Yes[73]	No	No	Yes[73]	No
Muscle Power	No	Yes[80]	No	No	No	No	No	No
Muscle Fatigue	No	Yes[83,85]	Yes[86]	Yes[86]	Yes[86]	No	No	No

‘Yes’ indicates aspects of postural control affected by the neuromuscular factor listed, with references in superscript. ‘No’ is indicative of no effect of that neuromuscular factor on the aspect of postural control in question.