Figure 11.

Distinct thalamo-cortical controls for shoulder, elbow, and wrist during locomotion. Red lines show population activities of shoulder-, elbow-, and wrist/paw-related neurons of the MC, blue lines show those of the VL, and black lines represent the corresponding activities of inhibitory neurons of the RE. Shaded are periods of the step cycle when the activities of the MC and VL are in anti-phase. (Data on the activity of PTNs, VL, and RE neurons are adapted with modifications from Stout and Beloozerova, 2012; Marlinski et al., 2012a,b, respectively).