Figure 2.

Forelimb joint angles and moments during simple and ladder locomotion. Parameters were averaged across five cats. Vertical dashed lines separate the swing and stance phases of the stride. Standard deviations were similar across the two tasks and for clarity are shown only for simple locomotion. Symbol * indicates significant (p < 0.05, post hoc t-test) difference. The cat forelimb model is shown at the bottom. Orientation of each segment was determined as the angle between the negative direction of the vertical axis and the longitudinal segment axis directed from the distal end of the segment to the proximal one. (Adapted with modifications from Beloozerova et al., 2010).