RvD treatment modulates superoxide production by VSMCs in vitro and in vivo. A–D, I) RvD1 treatment reduces TNF-α-induced superoxide production in cultured HVSMCs. A–D) Representative merged images of DHE staining, counterstained with DAPI of untreated VSMCs (A), positive control (TNF-α 10 ng/ml for 4 h; B), TNF-α with 10nM RvD1 (C), and TNF-α with 100nM RvD1 (D). I) Quantitative comparison of DHE staining intensity (n=3). *P < 0.05; 1-way ANOVA with Dunnett's post hoc test). E–H, J) RvD2 treatment reduces oxidative stress in the acutely injured rabbit artery (3 d postangioplasty). E–H) Representative images of DHE staining of an uninjured aorta (E), balloon injured and untreated iliac artery (F), vehicle-treated femoral artery (G), and RvD2-treated femoral artery (H). J) Quantitative comparison of staining intensity (n=6). *P < 0.05; paired t test. Scale bars = 200 μm (A–D); 100 μm (E–H). Results are means ± se.