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. 2012 May 30;1(6):469–479. doi: 10.5966/sctm.2011-0046

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Figure 4. — Lithium increases the percentage of newborn cells that differentiate into neurons under basal conditions and following irradiation but does not influence glial cell differentiation. (A): To assess newborn cell fate in the dentate gyrus (DG), sections were costained for BrdU and NSE to identify neurons or for BrdU and GFAP to identify astrocytes (white arrows) and were analyzed by confocal microscopy. (B): Results of confocal analyses revealed that irradiation significantly reduced neuronal differentiation, whereas long-term lithium treatment significantly enhanced neuronal differentiation at a basal level and following irradiation in the DG. (C): Irradiation led to an increased production of glia (gliosis), whereas lithium did not have any significant effect on glial differentiation. The data shown are the means ± SEM. Scale bars = 50 μm. *, p < .05; **, p < .01. Abbreviations: BrdU, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine; NSE, neuron-specific enolase; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; IR, irradiation.