Figure 1.
Preparation and characteristics of the MSC1 and MSC2 phenotypes. Short-term and low-level priming of TLR4 (left side) and TLR3 (right side) led to the induction of heterogeneous human MSC preparations into a proinflammatory MSC1 phenotype or an anti-inflammatory MSC2 phenotype (adapted from [27, 32]). Abbreviations: IDO, indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase; IL, interleukin; miRNA, microRNA; MSC, mesenchymal stem cells; MSC2, anti-inflammatory mesenchymal stem cells; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; TLR, Toll-like receptor.