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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 May 21.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Epidemiol. 2006 Aug 1;17(2):85–92. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2006.03.006

Table 2.

Associations between maternal characteristics and serum hormone concentrations among white and black mothers in first and third trimesters

Maternal characteristics§
(per SD)		 White Mothers
 Black Mothers
 Whites vs. Blacks
1st Trimester
 3rd Trimester
 1st Trimester
 3rd Trimester
 1st Trim
 3rd Trim
MC§ p-value MC§ p-value MC§ p-value MC* p-value p-value p-value
Testosterone (ng/ml)
 Pre-pregnancy weight 0.13 <0.01 0.12 0.02 0.12 0.30 0.04 0.82 0.91 0.93
 Height −0.12 <0.01 −0.17 <0.01 −0.11 0.33 0.14 0.46 0.91 0.19
 BMI 0.13 <0.01 0.13 <0.01 0.12 0.25 0.03 0.88 0.99 0.45
 Age −0.06 0.13 −0.13 0.02 −0.04 0.72 −0.11 0.58 0.73 0.89
 Smoking −0.004 −0.89 0.02 0.61 −0.07 0.53 0.004 0.98 0.56 0.87
Estradiol (ng/ml)
 Pre-pregnancy weight 0.36 0.12 0.87 0.24 0.01 0.97 −1.04 0.22 0.21 0.23
 Height −0.27 0.27 −1.66 0.03 −0.26 0.19 −0.02 0.98 0.69 0.33
 BMI 0.34 0.11 1.00 0.14 0.04 0.82 −0.80 0.32 0.29 0.09
 Age −0.16 0.51 −0.38 0.63 0.08 0.70 0.18 0.84 0.54 0.62
 Smoking −0.06 0.75 −0.19 0.77 −0.22 0.29 0.10 0.91 0.59 0.84
Estriol (ng/ml)
 Pre-pregnancy weight 0.12 0.51 0.42 0.32 −0.04 0.69 −1.43 0.01 0.50 <0.01
 Height −0.15 0.43 −0.29 0.50 −0.06 0.56 0.27 0.63 0.87 0.87
 BMI 0.12 0.46 0.42 0.28 −0.03 0.71 −1.26 0.02 0.41 <0.01
 Age −0.11 0.55 0.61 0.17 0.02 0.86 −0.17 0.78 0.61 0.17
 Smoking −0.04 0.78 −0.26 0.48 −0.11 0.29 −0.13 0.83 0.71 0.88
Estradiol/testosterone
 Pre-pregnancy weight 0.15 0.46 −0.53 0.41 −0.07 0.63 −0.04 0.94 0.27 0.89
 Height 0.01 0.97 0.94 0.16 −0.04 0.78 −0.57 0.29 0.62 0.11
 BMI 0.12 0.51 −0.60 0.32 −0.06 0.69 −0.10 0.85 0.38 0.46
 Age 0.07 0.74 1.79 0.01 0.15 0.34 0.44 0.43 0.59 0.16
 Smoking −0.06 0.74 −0.13 0.82 −0.07 0.66 −0.14 0.80 0.91 0.94
Estriol/testosterone
 Pre-pregnancy weight 0.06 0.71 −0.41 0.37 −0.05 0.59 −0.31 0.49 0.57 0.33
 Height −0.06 0.73 1.28 <0.01 0.001 0.99 −0.35 0.45 0.87 0.02
 BMI 0.06 0.68 −0.56 0.19 −0.04 0.59 −0.22 0.61 0.49 0.80
 Age −0.01 0.96 2.45 <0.01 0.05 0.55 0.22 0.64 0.59 <0.01
 Smoking −0.02 0.91 −0.27 0.50 −0.05 0.55 −0.22 0.65 0.76 0.85
§

Each maternal characteristic was rescaled by dividing its standard deviation which was calculated from the entire population

*

Mean change per standard deviation of each maternal characteristics.

Adjusted for gestational age of blood draw, maternal social economic index, and other maternal characteristics listed in this table.