Effect of platelet-rich plasma and insulin on adipogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells. (A): Micrographs of Oil Red O-stained ASCs at third passage cultured in the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), PRP (5% vol/vol), insulin (30 μM), or the PRP-insulin combination for 6 days. Scale bar = 50 μm. (B): Bar graph showing morphometric analysis after Oil Red O staining. Data are mean ± SE. (C): Transmission electron microscopy images of 10% FBS control, PRP (5% vol/vol), insulin (30 μM), and PRP + insulin-treated ASCs. Scale bar = 10 μm. (D): Real-time polymerase chain reaction showing PPARγ mRNA in control, PRP (5% vol/vol), insulin (30 μM), and combined PRP + insulin-treated ASCs at different times. Data are mean ± SD. *, p < .05; **, p < .01. Abbreviations: ASCs, adipose-derived stem cells; AU, arbitrary units; CTR, control; d, days; h, hours; ins, insulin; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; PRP, platelet-rich plasma.