Table 3.

Cranial landmark descriptions and assignment to skull regions for disparity analyses^a

Landmark numberb	Landmark description	Skull region
1c,d	Midline point between the premaxillae and the upper central incisors	Oral
2c,d	Midline anterior-most point of the nasal-nasal suture	Viscerocranium (non-oral)
3d	Midline posterior point of the nasals in contact with frontals	Viscerocranium (non-oral)
4d	Midline posterior point of the frontals in contact with parietals	Neurocranium
5c,d	Midpoint at posterior-most extent of vault	Neurocranium
6 and 7c,d	Anterior nasal-premaxilla/maxilla (nasal opening), left and right	Viscerocranium (both oral and non-oral)
8 and 9c	Premaxilla-maxilla suture on the alveolar lateral margin, left and right	Oral
10 and 11	Nasal-frontal-maxilla/premaxilla suture junction, left and right	Viscerocranium (both oral and non-oral)
12 and 13	Medial-most maxilla-lacrimal contact, left and right	Viscerocranium (both oral and non-oral)
14 and 15	Lateral most maxilla-lacrimal contact, left and right	Viscerocranium (both oral and non-oral)
16 and 17c	Jugal-squamosal (dorsal zygomatic arch), left and right	Viscerocranium (non-oral)
18 and 19c	Jugal-squamosal (ventral zygomatic arch), left and right	Viscerocranium (non-oral)
20 and 21c,d	Dorsal most occipital condyle-foramen magnum margin, left and right	Neurocranium
22 and 23cc	Ventral-most extent of frontal-parietal suture, left and right	Neurocranium
24c	Midline posterior point of the palatine-palatine suture	Oral
25 and 26c,d	Ventral-most point of the jugal-maxilla suture	Viscerocranium (non-oral)
27 and 28d	Posterior-most maxilla-palatine junction on ventral surface, left and right	Oral
29 and 30c	Posterior lateral extent of molar row	Oral
31 and 32c	Anterior lateral extent of molar row	Oral

^aFossil skulls investigated here included the Oligo-Miocene peramelmorphian Galadi speciosus, the Quaternary diprotodontians Sthenurus occidentalis, Zygomaturus trilobus, and Thylacoleo carnifex, and the sparassodonts Thylacosmilus atrox (Miocene) and Arctodictis sinclari (Eocene).

^bNumbers correspond to Figure 1.

^cLandmarks used in ‘maximum fossil’ dataset

^dLandmarks used ‘maximum taxa’ dataset.