Table 1. Major changes to forest habitats identified and their key impacts on forest bird species.

Change to forest habitat	Forest type1	Key impacts2
1. Increased abundance of small predators	C, B/M	Reduced nest success of non-cavity nesters
2. Increased fire suppression	C	Reduction in invertebrate prey
		Reduction in shrub foraging habitat
		Reduction in early and mid-succession foraging habitat
		Reduction in shrub nesting sites
		Reduction in early and mid-succession nesting habitat
		Reduction in cavity nesting sites
3. Increased grazing pressure	C, B/M, Med	Reduction in shrub foraging habitat
		Reduction in quality of ground foraging habitat
		Reduction in shrub and ground nesting sites
		Reduction in nest success of ground nesters
4. Intensified drainage management	C, B/M	Reduction in below ground and ground dwelling invertebrate prey
		Reduction in shrub foraging sites
		Reduction in shrub nesting sites
5. Intensified soil management	C	Reduction in below ground and ground dwelling invertebrates in early and mid-succession habitat
		Reduction in quality of ground nesting sites in early and mid-succession habitat
6. Intensified thinning	C	Reduction in shrub foraging habitat
		Reduction in shrub nesting habitat
7. Reduced abundance of broadleaf species	C	Reduction in canopy and shrub food resources (invertebrates/seeds/plant material)
		Reduction in shrub and canopy nesting sites
8. Reduced rotation length (including fragmentation effects)	C, B/M	Reduction in old growth foraging habitat
		Reduction in core foraging habitat
		Reduction in old growth succession nesting habitat
		Reduction in core nesting habitat
		Reduction in nesting success in edge habitat
9. Removal of deadwood	C, B/M	Reduction in invertebrate prey
		Reduction in cavity nest sites
10. Reduced area of broadleaf/mixed forest	B/M	Reduction in foraging and nesting habitat
11. Reduction in management	B/M, Med	Reduction in edge foraging habitat
		Reduction in shrub and ground foraging habitat
		Reduction in edge nesting habitat
		Reduction in shrub and ground nesting sites
12. Reduced diversity of tree species	B/M	Reduction in food resources (invertebrates/seeds/plant material)
13. Increased forest fires	Med	Reduction in foraging and nesting habitat
14. Loss to urbanisation	Med	Reduction in foraging and nesting habitat
15. Increased selective logging	Med	Reduction in cavity nests in closed canopy and old growth habitat
		Reduction in cavity nests in closed canopy and old growth habitat

¹Forest type(s) principally affected by changes are indicated: boreal and temperate coniferous dominated (C), hemi-boreal and temperate broadleaf dominated and mixed (B/M) and Mediterranean (Med).

²Supporting evidence for impacts of changes is provided in Table S3.