. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 May 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2013 Apr 18;42(3):311–320. doi: 10.1111/1552-6909.12028

Table 3.

Second Stage Variables by Presence or Absence of Epidural Anesthesia (N=14)

Variable	Without Epidural (N=7)		With Epidural (N=7)

	M (SD)	Range	M (SD)	Range
Length of second stage (minutes)	64 (54.2)	16-178	153 (65.9)	47-226
Active pushing (minutes)	60 (53.4)	24-178	95 (63.2)	30-220
Laboring down (minutes)^a	--		101 (50.2)	27-138
Positions assumed (number)	3 (2.1)	1-7	4 (2.5)	1-8
Position changes (number)	4 (3.8)	1-12	6 (3.8)	1-12
Type of pushing (percentage)
Directed	4 (6.7)	0-18	17 (11.8)	8-39
Spontaneous	96 (6.7)	82-100	83 (11.8)	61-91

Note.

Four women labored down in the study group. Mean, standard deviation, and range for laboring down refer to these 4 women only.