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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013 Mar 19;113(6):776–785. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2013.01.019

Table 3.

Change in biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense associated with meeting the 5 A Day recommendation for fruit and vegetable consumption across the menstrual cycle in the BioCycle study.

Oxidative Stress Markers Met the 5 A Day Recommendation
No (reference category) Yes 24-hour recall timed to menstrual cycle phase1 Yes FFQ typical diet by menstrual cycle2
Lipid Peroxidation
 F2-Isoprostanes, pg/mL 1.00 −0.10 (−0.12, −0.07) −0.14 (−0.18, −0.11)
 9-HODE, μmol/L 1.00 −0.02 (−0.08, 0.03) −0.04 (−0.11, 0.04)
 13-HODE, μmol/L 1.00 −0.03 (−0.09, 0.04) −0.08 (−0.16, 0.002)
Antioxidant Enzymes2
 SOD, IU/g Hb 1.00 −0.01 (−0.02, 0.01) −0.004 (−0.02, 0.02)
 GVx, IU/g Hb 1.00 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02)
 GSHR, IU/g Hb 1.00 0.01 (−0.003, 0.05) −0.05 (−0.09, −0.02)
Antioxidant Vitamins
 α-Tocopherol (μg/mL) 1.00 0.02 (0.01, 0.04) 0.007 (−0.02, 0.03)
 γ-Tocopherol (μg/mL) 1.00 −0.03 (−0.06, 0.001) −0.04 (−0.08, 0.005)
 Ascorbic acid (mg/dL) 1.00 0.10 (0.08, 0.12) 0.10 (0.07, 0.12)
 Retinol (μg/mL) 1.00 0.001 (−0.01, 0.02) 0.01 (−0.007, 0.03)
 Lutein (μg/mL) 1.00 0.14 (0.11, 0.18) 0.33 (0.28, 0.37)
 Lycopene (μg/mL) 1.00 0.02 (−0.02, 0.05) −0.04 (−0.08, 0.01)
 β-Carotene (μg/mL) 1.00 0.30 (0.25, 0.35) 0.38 (0.32, 0.44)
 β-Cryptoxanthin (μg/mL) 1.00 0.28 (0.24, 0.32) 0.35 (0.30, 0.40)

Table Note: Models are adjusted for age, race, income, marital status, parity, past oral contraceptive use and energy intake.

1

Linear mixed models assessed up to 8 oxidative stress measures in association with up to 4 24-hour recall by menstrual cycle phase (dietary recall during menses was paired with oxidative stress measures during menses; dietary recall during the mid-follicular phase with mid-follicular oxidative stress measures, dietary recall on the day of predicted ovulation with the oxidative stress measures during the three peri-ovulatory period visits (late-follicular, LH/FSH surge, predicted ovulation) and dietary recall on the mid-luteal visit with early, mid, and late luteal phase oxidative stress measures) accounting for repeated measures.

2

Linear mixed models assessed the association with FFQ for each menstrual cycle with up to 8 oxidative stress measures per cycle accounting for repeated measures.

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