Table 3.
Change in biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense associated with meeting the 5 A Day recommendation for fruit and vegetable consumption across the menstrual cycle in the BioCycle study.
Oxidative Stress Markers | Met the 5 A Day Recommendation | ||
---|---|---|---|
No (reference category) | Yes 24-hour recall timed to menstrual cycle phase1 | Yes FFQ typical diet by menstrual cycle2 | |
Lipid Peroxidation | |||
F2-Isoprostanes, pg/mL | 1.00 | −0.10 (−0.12, −0.07) | −0.14 (−0.18, −0.11) |
9-HODE, μmol/L | 1.00 | −0.02 (−0.08, 0.03) | −0.04 (−0.11, 0.04) |
13-HODE, μmol/L | 1.00 | −0.03 (−0.09, 0.04) | −0.08 (−0.16, 0.002) |
Antioxidant Enzymes2 | |||
SOD, IU/g Hb | 1.00 | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.01) | −0.004 (−0.02, 0.02) |
GVx, IU/g Hb | 1.00 | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) |
GSHR, IU/g Hb | 1.00 | 0.01 (−0.003, 0.05) | −0.05 (−0.09, −0.02) |
Antioxidant Vitamins | |||
α-Tocopherol (μg/mL) | 1.00 | 0.02 (0.01, 0.04) | 0.007 (−0.02, 0.03) |
γ-Tocopherol (μg/mL) | 1.00 | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.001) | −0.04 (−0.08, 0.005) |
Ascorbic acid (mg/dL) | 1.00 | 0.10 (0.08, 0.12) | 0.10 (0.07, 0.12) |
Retinol (μg/mL) | 1.00 | 0.001 (−0.01, 0.02) | 0.01 (−0.007, 0.03) |
Lutein (μg/mL) | 1.00 | 0.14 (0.11, 0.18) | 0.33 (0.28, 0.37) |
Lycopene (μg/mL) | 1.00 | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.05) | −0.04 (−0.08, 0.01) |
β-Carotene (μg/mL) | 1.00 | 0.30 (0.25, 0.35) | 0.38 (0.32, 0.44) |
β-Cryptoxanthin (μg/mL) | 1.00 | 0.28 (0.24, 0.32) | 0.35 (0.30, 0.40) |
Table Note: Models are adjusted for age, race, income, marital status, parity, past oral contraceptive use and energy intake.
Linear mixed models assessed up to 8 oxidative stress measures in association with up to 4 24-hour recall by menstrual cycle phase (dietary recall during menses was paired with oxidative stress measures during menses; dietary recall during the mid-follicular phase with mid-follicular oxidative stress measures, dietary recall on the day of predicted ovulation with the oxidative stress measures during the three peri-ovulatory period visits (late-follicular, LH/FSH surge, predicted ovulation) and dietary recall on the mid-luteal visit with early, mid, and late luteal phase oxidative stress measures) accounting for repeated measures.
Linear mixed models assessed the association with FFQ for each menstrual cycle with up to 8 oxidative stress measures per cycle accounting for repeated measures.