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GSK-3β, a constitutively-active kinase normally phosphorylates β-catenin. Phosphorylation of β-catenin targets it for degradation, thereby preventing gene expression of regulated genes (e.g. α-actin, collagen, fibronectin, laminin, matrix metalloproteinases, VEGF). Phosphorylation of GSK-3β inactivates it, allowing β-catenin to accumulate in the cytoplasm, translocate to the nucleus, and activate gene expression
