TABLE 5.

Comparison of human stapes dimension with data in the literature (mean ± standard deviation)

Description	Symbol	Present data	Data in literatures
			Value	Source
Long length of footplate	a [mm]	2.81 ± 0.158	3.2	Stuhlman (1937)
			2.8	Arensburg et al. (1981)
			2.8	Weistenhöfer and Hudde (1999)
			2.57 ± 0.33	Unur et al. (2002)
			2.5	Gan et al. (2002)
			3.3	Hato et al. (2003)
Short length of footplate	b [mm]	1.27 ± 0.109	1.4	Stuhlman (1937)
			1.3	Arensburg et al. (1981)
			1.23	Weistenhöfer and Hudde (1999)
			1.29 ± 0.22	Unur et al. (2002)
			1.4	Hato et al. (2003)
Footplate area	A FT [mm2]	3.03 ± 0.331	3.2	Stuhlman (1937)
			2.97 ± 0.25	Sim et al. (2010a, b)
Projected footplate area	A FT_proj [mm2]	2.86 ± 0.316	3.85 (3.00–5.30)	Stenfelt et al. (2004)
Total height of the stapes	h [mm]	3.28 ± 0.210	4	Stuhlman (1937)
			3.5	Bouchet and Giraud (1968)
			3.2	Arensburg et al. (1981)
			3.19 ± 0.20	ÀWengen et al. (1995)
			3.5	Weistenhöfer and Hudde (1999)
			3.22 ± 0.31	Unur et al. (2002)
Height of the center of the mass	h c [mm]	1.22 ± 0.157	1.3	Weistenhöfer and Hudde (1999)
Volume of the stapes	V ST [mm3]	1.43 ± 0.242	1.44	Beer et al. (1999)
			1.44	Puria et al. (2007)