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Genetic progression model of pancreatic carcinogenesis. The molecular alterations that accumulate during pancreatic carcinogenesis can be classified into early (telomere shortening and activating mutations in KRAS2), intermediate (inactivating mutations or epigenetic silencing of CDKN2A) and late (inactivating mutations of TP53 and SMAD4) events. Mutations in additional genes may also occur during PanIN formation but are not illustrated in this example.
