Fig. 4.

Core signaling pathways in pancreatic cancer. The 12 pathways and processes whose component genes were genetically altered in most pancreatic cancers based on whole exome sequencing [20] are shown in black, and the pathway more recently identified in pancreatic cancer in gray [31–34]. Therapeutic targeting of one or more of these pathways, rather than specific gene alterations that occur within a pathway, provides a new paradigm for treatment of pancreatic cancer. GTPase, guanosine triphosphatase; TGF-β, transforming growth factor β.