TABLE I.

Summary of Selected Somatic Alterations in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Precursor Lesions

Gene	Genetic alteration	Pathway or regulatory process	Altered in PanINs	Altered in IPMNs	Altered in MCNs
Kras2	Activating	GTPase-dependent signaling	Yes	Yes	Yes
CDKN2A	Inactivating	Cell cycle regulation	Yes
TP53	Inactivating	DNA damage response	Yes	Yes	Yes
SMAD4	Inactivating	TGF-β signaling	Yes	Yes	Yes
ARID1A	Inactivating	Chromatin remodeling	Yes
MLL3	Inactivating	Chromatin remodeling	Yes
GNAS	Activating	G protein-mediated signaling	No	Yes
RNF43	Inactivating	Ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation	No	Yes	Yes