Figure 1. Experimental design.

A) In experiment 1, animals of the “ctl” group received 23 h rest (light+dark phase) between the ends of the training on day 1 to the starting of the testing on the day 2. Animals of the “SD-retrieval” group received 15 h rest after training, followed by 8 h of sleep deprivation which occurred before testing. Animals of the “SD-training” group received 8 h of sleep deprivation before training, and then received 23 h rest before testing. B) In experiment 2, after 3 days of training, testing on day 4 was assessed after 8 h of SD in “SD-retrieval” group, or after rest in “ctl” group.