Table 1. Net benefits, overall IDES and sub-indices in 1998 and 2007.
| Net benefits/Indices | 1998 | 2007 | ||
| Mean (S.D.) | Range (Minimum: Maximum)* | Mean (S.D.) | Range (Minimum : Maximum) | |
| Net socioeconomic benefit (yuan) | 2456.38 (3315.50) | (0∶16,600) | 12,350.10 (21,027.75) | (0∶186,046) |
| Net benefit from provisioning services (yuan) | 2308.77 (2506.89) | (−2671∶13,676) | 8544.97 (14,063.43) | (−2620∶107,003) |
| Net benefit from regulating services (yuan) | 77.60 (92.88) | (0∶544) | 2900.64 (2003.59) | (0∶10,448) |
| Net benefit from cultural services (yuan) | 3.33 (44.72) | (0∶600) | 1526.10 (13,476.34) | (0∶177,626) |
| Total net benefit from ecosystem services (yuan) | 2389.71 (2527.22) | (−2620∶14,182) | 12971.70 (19,043.19) | (−27∶181,801) |
| Sub-index for provisioning services | 0.4131 (0.8627) | (−7.0351∶0.9973) | 0.3754 (0.3131) | (−0.1750∶1) |
| Sub-index for regulating services | 0.0340 (0.0714) | (0∶0.7518) | 0.2112 (0.2026) | (0∶1) |
| Sub-index for cultural services | 0.0003 (0.0038) | (0∶0.0513) | 0.0257 (0.1143) | (0∶0.8568) |
| Overall IDES | 0.4473 (0.8237) | (−6.9019∶1) | 0.6123 (0.3055) | (−0.0015∶1) |
Notes:
Monetary values for net benefits in 2007 were discounted into present values of 1998 for comparison.
*
Negative value of an index means that the gross benefit from ecosystem services is lower than the sum of costs from ecosystem dis-services and costs of generating the corresponding ecosystem services.