Table 3. Regression of sources of variation on overall IDES.
| Variable | IDES 1998 | IDES 2007 | |
| Natural capital | Area of cropland (Mu, 1 Mu = 1/15 ha) | 0.020 (0.014) | 0.042*** (0.007) |
| Human capital | Household size | −0.077 (0.049) | −0.037* (0.016) |
| Number of laborers | −0.070 (0.056) | −0.080*** (0.018) | |
| Average education of adults (year) | −0.032† (0.017) | −0.032*** (0.009) | |
| Average age of adults (year) | 0.011* (0.005) | 0.008*** (0.002) | |
| Financial capital | Household income (yuan, log) | 0.071 (0.075) | −0.152*** (0.025) |
| Per capital income (yuan, log) | 0.143 (0.095) | −0.126*** (0.028) | |
| Manufactured capital | Type of house (0 for low quality non-concrete sheds and 1 for high quality concrete house) | −0.022 (0.139) | −0.189*** (0.048) |
| Distance to the main road (meter, log) | −0.029 (0.027) | 0.042*** (0.010) | |
| Social capital | Social ties to local township and reserve level officials (0: low; 1: high). | 0.065 (0.129) | −0.188** (0.065) |
| Spatial heterogeneity | Township (0: Gengda; 1: Wolong) | 0.098 (0.133) | −0.101* (0.047) |
Numbers outside and inside parentheses are coefficients and robust standard errors of bivariate regressions, respectively. Dependent variables are overall IDES in 1998 and 2007, respectively.
Notes:
Total samples are the same 180 randomly sampled households across years.
†
p<0.01;
*
p<0.05;
**
p<0.01;
***
p<0.001.