Table 2. Determinants of HBV and HCV infection at baseline.

	Crude1			Adjusted2
	RR	95% CI	p	RR	95% CI	p
Active HBV (n = 21) compared to never exposed (n = 208)
Age in years	1.06	(1.01–1.22)	0.03	1.05	(0.98–1.12)	0.10
Female vs male	0.54	(0.20–1.41)	0.20	0.65	(0.19–2.22)	0.49
WHO stage 2 vs 1	2.80	(0.89–8.82)	0.08	2.27	(0.63–8.19)	0.20
WHO stage 3,4 vs 1	4.36	(1.34–14.18)	0.01	4.19	(1.21–14.47)	0.02
Baseline CD4 cells/µl 200–350 vs >350	1.63	(0.54–4.95)	0.39	0.83	(0.23–3.13)	0.79
<200 vs >350	2.13	(0.70–6.54)	0.18	0.88	(0.22–3.47)	0.85
Past HBV (n = 172) compared to never exposed (n = 208)
Age in years	1.03	(1.00–1.06)	0.03	1.03	(1.01–1.06)	0.02
Female vs male	0.71	(0.44–1.44)	0.16	0.79	(0.44–1.40)	0.42
WHO stage 2 vs 1	1.81	(1.05–3.11)	0.03	1.70	(0.95–3.06)	0.08
WHO stage 3,4 vs 1	0.96	(0.45–2.04)	0.92	0.81	(0.37–1.79)	0.60
Baseline CD4 cells/µl 200–350 vs >350	1.36	(0.84–2.21)	0.21	1.14	(0.66–1.96)	0.63
<200 vs >350	1.25	(0.73–2.14)	0.42	0.95	(0.50–1.82)	0.90
Anti-HCV (n = 23) compared to no anti-HCV (n = 379)
Age in years	1.10	1.04–1.16	<0.001	1.10	1.05–1.17	<0.001
Female vs male	1.56	0.53–4.78	0.41	1.45	0.43–4.92	0.55
WHO stage 2 vs 1	2.49	0.94–6.57	0.06	2.49	0.87–7.19	0.09
WHO stage 3,4 vs 1	2.76	0.84–9.04	0.09	4.05	1.12–14.58	0.03
Baseline HIV RNA (log10 copies/ml)	0.68	0.48–0.95	0.03	0.60	0.40–0.98	0.01

¹The following variables were also considered for their association with HBV and HCV but were not statistically significant: multiple sexual partners, age at sexual debut, condom use, weekly income, regular alcohol use, positive HSV2 serology, and baseline HIV viral load. BMI was not included in any of these models because of the high likelihood of reverse causality.

²The multivariable models contained all variables listed in the table for each outcome.