FIG. 1.

FFAR1 contributes to palmitate-induced insulin secretion but not palmitate-induced β-cell death. INS-1E cells (A, B, F, G), mouse islets (C, D, H, I), and human islets (E, J) were incubated with test substances as indicated and described in RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS. Results are expressed as means ± SEM of n = 4 independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA, followed by Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test as post hoc test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 are significant in controls (first bar of each chart). #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, and ###P < 0.001 indicate significance in secretion at 12 mmol/L glucose. §§P < 0.05 indicates significance in secretion of WT mouse islets at the same condition. & indicates significance in palmitate-induced apoptosis.