Figure 1. Prisoner’s dilemma with varying combinations of r and w.

Below the D ESS isoleg, All-D is ESS. Above the TFT isoleg, TFT is an ESS. Either D or TFT can be the ESS in the region between the D- and TFT-ESS isoleg, leading to alternative stable states. To right of the C-ESS isoleg, C can be an ESS. Parameter values: b = 1.65 and c = 1.