Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of IRAS-Family Hispanic Participants.*
| Baseline Characteristics | Obese Phenotype | Overweight Phenotype | Normal Weight** | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy | Abnormal | P-value | Healthy | Abnormal | P-value | ||
| N | 74 | 323 | 138 | 201 | 234 | ||
| Age (years) | 36.7(12.1) | 44.4(13.4) | <.0001 | 37.0(10.9) | 45.9(14.8) | <.0001 | 35.6(12.4) |
| Female, N (%) | 41(55.4) | 206(63.8) | 0.3623 | 81(58.7) | 97(48.3) | 0.0827 | 150(64.1) |
| Center, N (%) | |||||||
| SA | 44(59.5) | 212(65.6) | 0.8301 | 68(49.3) | 100(49.8) | 0.9490 | 101(43.2) |
| SLV | 30(40.5) | 111(34.4) | 70(50.7) | 101(50.2) | 133(56.8) | ||
| Physical Activity, N (%) | |||||||
| Rarely/never | 16(21.6) | 114(35.5) | 0.0582 | 18(13.0) | 60(29.9) | 0.0014 | 31(13.2) |
| 1–3/mth | 20(27.0) | 82(25.5) | 29(21.0) | 47(23.4) | 50(21.4) | ||
| 1/week | 11(14.9) | 37(11.5) | 25(18.1) | 18(9.0) | 28(12.0) | ||
| 2–4/week | 18(24.3) | 72(22.4) | 49(35.5) | 55(27.4) | 93(39.7) | ||
| 5+/week | 9(12.2) | 16(5.0) | 17(12.3) | 21(10.4) | 32(13.7) | ||
| BP meds, N(%)˜ | 3(4.1) | 68(21.1) | 3(2.2) | 32(15.9) | 1(0.4) | ||
| Lipid meds, N (%)˜ | 0(0.0) | 23(7.1) | 2(1.5) | 14(7.0) | 1(0.4) | ||
| Diabetes meds, N (%)˜ | 2(2.7) | 49(15.2) | 0(0.0) | 22(11.0) | 0(0.0) | ||
| SBP, mmHg˜ | 114.6(13.6) | 124(16.9) | 112.6(13.3) | 121.7(17.3) | 108.0(10.9) | ||
| DBP, mmHg˜ | 75.1(8.4) | 79.2(10.1) | 74(8.5) | 78.2(9.1) | 70.9(8.0) | ||
| HDL-C, mg/dL˜ | 46.2(9.1) | 38.6(10.9) | 48.6(12.5) | 38.7(12) | 51.1(11.1) | ||
| Triglycerides, mg/dL˜ | 95.4(41) | 149.9(90.5) | 82.2(30.8) | 162.3(103.5) | 69.1(29.4) | ||
| Fasting Glucose, mg/dL˜ | 90.3(6.4) | 113.7(38.1) | 91.1(6.8) | 107.2(38.4) | 88.3(10.1) | ||
| SI | 1.8(1.2) | 0.8(0.8) | <.0001 | 2.8(2) | 1.4(1.3) | <.0001 | 3.6(1.9) |
| HOMA˜ | 3.1(1.4) | 7(5.8) | 2.5(1.2) | 4.1(2.6) | 1.7(0.9) | ||
| Hs-CRP, mg/L˜ | 2.7(3.8) | 5.7(5) | 1.7(1.8) | 4(4.5) | 1.3(2.1) | ||
| Adiponectin, µg/mL | 15.2(11.7) | 11.5(5.9) | 0.0140 | 14.8(6.7) | 11.4(6.6) | 0.0003 | 16.6(6.7) |
| ALT, U/L | 11.4(10.8) | 12.6(10.1) | 0.3164 | 11.0(11.8) | 12.6(11.8) | 0.1903 | 8.1(4.9) |
| AST, U/L | 18.2(7.6) | 21.1(10.4) | 0.0173 | 19.1(10.6) | 19.3(8.8) | 0.8029 | 17.0(7.4) |
| GGT, U/L | 40.1(37.8) | 45.9(44.0) | 0.3294 | 34.2(44.7) | 46.8(47.6) | 0.0234 | 29.2(39.1) |
| BMI, kg/m2˜ | 33.2(2.6) | 35.7(4.7) | 27.4(1.5) | 27.4(1.4) | 22.1(1.9) | ||
| Waist Circumference, cm | 97.5(8.6) | 103.9(11.1) | 0.0007 | 85.3(7.6) | 89.1(7.7) | 0.0003 | 74.2(7.0) |
| WHR | 0.86(0.09) | 0.88(0.08) | 0.0638 | 0.84(0.07) | 0.88(0.08) | <.0001 | 0.8(0.1) |
| VAT, cm2 | 115.3(47.8) | 160.4(60.2) | <.0001 | 88.6(33.6) | 119.3(45.2) | <.0001 | 56.1(31.8) |
| SAT, cm2 | 466.8(119.6) | 487.1(131.3) | 0.3221 | 307.6(80.2) | 293.9(78.6) | 0.1712 | 191.5(75.8) |
| VSR | 0.28(0.17) | 0.36(0.18) | 0.0096 | 0.31(0.15) | 0.44(0.22) | <.0001 | 0.33(0.20) |
| Liver Density+, (HU) | 50.8(10.8) | 44.8(13.2) | 0.0022 | 54.6(10.4) | 52.1(11) | 0.0815 | 59.1(8.5) |
| Liver to Spleen Ratio+ (LSR) | 1.10(0.23) | 1.00(0.30) | 0.0091 | 1.18(0.23) | 1.12(0.23) | 0.0411 | 1.26(0.17) |
| NAFLD (LSR <1) +, N (%) | 12(22.6) | 105(44.1) | 0.0025 | 19(17.9) | 39(27.3) | 0.0476 | 10(5.8) |
| % Fat from DXA+ | 36.4(8.7) | 38.9(7.2) | 0.1025 | 32.2(7.3) | 32.4(7.5) | 0.8583 | 28.8(8.3) |
| % Lean from DXA+ | 61(8.4) | 58.8(7.0) | 0.1167 | 64.9(7.1) | 64.8(7.3) | 0.8919 | 68(8.0) |
N (%) or mean (SD); p<0.05 indicates significant differences between metabolically healthy (MH) and metabolically abnormal (MA) obese or overweight adjusted for familial correlation.
Normal Weight metabolically healthy (MH) participants only.
For abbreviations :ALT indicates alanine transaminase, AST aspartate transaminase, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, DXA dual X-ray absorptiometry, GGT gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA, homeostasis model assessment, Hs-CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, HU Hounsfield units, LSR liver to spleen ratio, NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, SI fasting insulin, SA San Antonio, SAT subcutaneous adipose tissue, SBP systolic blood pressure, SLV San Luis Valley, WHR waist-hip ratio, VAT visceral adipose tissue, and VSR visceral to subcutaneous tissue area ratio.
Statistical testing not performed because these variables define the MH and MA phenotype.
Measures obtained at follow-up, sample sizes reduced by approximately 20%