Table 1.
Group Effect, Mean Z-scores and Standard Deviations of the Retrospective Analysis of Pre-literacy and Literacy Skills Comparing Poor Decoders and Poor Oral Comprehenders Identified by Their Deficits at Grade 4
| Poor decoders |
Poor oral comprehenders |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assessment | M (SD) | M (SD) | F(1,182) | Cohen’s D |
| Phonological awareness | ||||
| Preschool | −.41 (.66) | −.78 (.67) | 14.10** | .55 |
| Kindergarten | −.73 (.72) | −.51(.86) | 3.44 | .26 |
| 1st grade | −.70(.73) | −.36(.82) | 8.79** | .41 |
| 2nd grade | −.80(.70) | −.34(.86) | 15.58** | .53 |
| 4th grade | −.91(.73) | −.14(.78) | 47.15** | .99 |
| Print knowledge | ||||
| Preschool | −.43(.73) | −.74(.81) | 7.33** | .34 |
| RAN | ||||
| Preschool | −.50 (.99) | −.12 (1.04) | 6.54* | .37 |
| Kindergarten | −.91(1.01) | −.01(.88) | 42.01** | .89 |
| 1st grade | −.81(.99) | .13(.71) | 54.41** | .95 |
| 4th grade | −.96(1.13) | .13(.88) | 54.69** | .96 |
| Grammar | ||||
| Preschool | −.22 (.84) | −.95(.89) | 32.51** | .82 |
| Kindergarten | −.22(.85) | −.96(.86) | 33.94** | .77 |
| Vocabulary | ||||
| Preschool | −.17 (.72) | −1.05 (.82) | 58.87** | 1.07 |
| 2nd grade | −.08(.78) | −1.21(.73) | 100.12** | 1.5 |
| 4th grade gs | −.07(.63) | −1.46(.54) | 259.46** | 2.21 |
| Verbal memory | ||||
| Preschool | −.38 (.86) | −.83(.74) | 14.43** | .52 |
| 1st grade | −.37(.91) | −.92(.94) | 15.68** | .59 |
| Decoding | ||||
| Kindergarten | −.61(.31) | −.37(.51) | 13.66** | .47 |
| 1st grade | −1.12(.37) | −.22(.71) | 105.60** | 1.26 |
| 2nd grade | −1.44(.57) | −.10(.67) | 204.73** | 2 |
| 4th grade gs | −1.52(.58) | −.02(.66) | 265.73** | 2.27 |
| Spelling | ||||
| Kindergarten | −.72(1.01) | −.40(.99) | 4.56* | .31 |
| 1st grade | −.88(.58) | −.27(.71) | 38.02** | .85 |
| 2nd grade | −1.17(.59) | −.17(.70) | 108.90** | 1.42 |
| 4th grade | −1.31(.56) | −.21(.63) | 153.61** | 1.75 |
| Reading comprehension | ||||
| 1st grade | −1.12(.76) | −.31(.74) | 52.52** | 1.07 |
| 2nd grade | −1.24(.91) | −.29(.62) | 69.31** | 1.04 |
| 4th grade | −.91(.75) | −.55(.53) | 14.40** | .48 |
| Listening comprehension | ||||
| 4th grade gs | .02(.68) | −1.28(.62) | 185.29** | 1.91 |
Note.
gs
variables used for group selection.
*
p<.05.
**
p<.01